(en)The present invention relates to the use of polymeric microparticles having thin shells in hydraulically setting building material mixtures for the purpose of enhancing their frost resistance and cyclical freeze/thaw durability.

1.ApplicationNumber: US-38781206-A
1.PublishNumber: US-2007197671-A1
2.Date Publish: 20070823
3.Inventor: SCHATTKA JAN HENDRIK
KAUTZ HOLGER
LOHDEN GERD

4.Inventor Harmonized: SCHATTKA JAN HENDRIK(DE)
KAUTZ HOLGER(DE)
LOHDEN GERD(DE)

5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)The present invention relates to the use of polymeric microparticles having thin shells in hydraulically setting building material mixtures for the purpose of enhancing their frost resistance and cyclical freeze/thaw durability.

7.Description:
(en)The present invention relates to the use of polymeric microparticles in hydraulically setting building material mixtures for the purpose of enhancing their frost resistance and cyclical freeze/thaw durability.
Concrete is an important building material and is defined by DIN 1045 (07/1988) as artificial stone formed by hardening from a mixture of cement, aggregate and water, together where appropriate with concrete admixtures and concrete additions. One way in which concrete is classified is by its subdivision into strength groups (BI-BII) and strength classes (B5-B55). Mixing in gas-formers or foam-formers produces aerated concrete or foamed concrete (Römpp Lexikon, 10th ed., 1996, Georg Thieme Verlag).
Concrete has two time-dependent properties. Firstly, by drying out, it undergoes a reduction in volume that is termed shrinkage. The majority of the water, however, is bound in the form of water of crystallization. Concrete, rather than drying, sets: that is, the initially highly mobile cement paste (cement and water) starts to stiffen, becomes rigid, and, finally, solidifies, depending on the timepoint and progress of the chemical/mineralogical reaction between the cement and the water, known as hydration. As a result of the water-binding capacity of the cement it is possible for concrete, unlike quicklime, to harden and remain solid even under water. Secondly, concrete undergoes deformation under load, known as creep.
The freeze/thaw cycle refers to the climatic alternation of temperatures around the freezing point of water. Particularly in the case of mineral-bound building materials such as concrete, the freeze/thaw cycle is a mechanism of damage. These materials possess a porous, capillary structure and are not watertight. If a structure of this kind that is full of water is exposed to temperatures below 0° C., then the water freezes in the pores. As a result of the density anomaly of water, the ice then expands. This results in damage to the building material. Within the very fine pores, as a result of surface effects, there is a reduction in the freezing point. In micropores water does not freeze until below −17° C. Since, as a result of freeze/thaw cycling, the material itself also expands and contracts, there is additionally a capillary pump effect, which further increases the absorption of water and hence, indirectly, the damage. The number of freeze/thaw cycles is therefore critical with regard to damage.
Decisive factors affecting the resistance of concrete to frost and to cyclical freeze/thaw under simultaneous exposure to thawing agents are the imperviousness of its microstructure, a certain strength of the matrix, and the presence of a certain pore microstructure. The microstructure of a cement-bound concrete is traversed by capillary pores (radius: 2 μm-2 mm) and gel pores (radius: 2-50 nm). Water present in these pores differs in its state as a function of the pore diameter. Whereas water in the capillary pores retains its usual properties, that in the gel pores is classified as condensed water (mesopores: 50 nm) and adsorptively bound surface water (micropores: 2 nm), the freezing points of which may for example be well below −50° C. [M. J. Setzer, Interaction of water with hardened cement paste, Ceramic Transactions 16 (1991) 415-39]. Consequently, even when the concrete is cooled to low temperatures, some of the water in the pores remains unfrozen (metastable water). For a given temperature, however, the vapour pressure over ice is lower than that over water. Since ice and metastable water are present alongside one another simultaneously, a vapour-pressure gradient develops which leads to diffusion of the still-liquid water to the ice and to the formation of ice from said water, resulting in removal of water from the smaller pores or accumulation of ice in the larger pores. This redistribution of water as a result of cooling takes place in every porous system and is critically dependent on the type of pore distribution.
The artificial introduction of microfine air pores in the concrete hence gives rise primarily to what are called expansion spaces for expanding ice and ice-water. Within these pores, freezing water can expand or internal pressure and stresses of ice and ice-water can be absorbed without formation of microcracks and hence without frost damage to the concrete. The fundamental way in which such air-pore systems act has been described, in connection with the mechanism of frost damage to concrete, in a large number of reviews [Schulson, Erland M. (1998) Ice damage to concrete. CRREL Special Report 98-6; S. Chatterji, Freezing of air-entrained cement-based materials and specific actions of air-entraining agents, Cement & Concrete Composites 25 (2003) 759-65; G. W. Scherer, J. Chen & J. Valenza, Methods for protecting concrete from freeze damage, U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,560 B1 (2002); M. Pigeon, B. Zuber & J. Marchand, Freeze/thaw resistance, Advanced Concrete Technology 2 (2003) 11/1-11/17; B. Erlin & B. Mather, A new process by which cyclic freezing can damage concrete—the Erlin/Mather effect, Cement & Concrete Research 35 (2005) 1407-11].
A precondition for improved resistance of the concrete on exposure to the freezing and thawing cycle is that the distance of each point in the hardened cement from the next artificial air pore does not exceed a defined value. This distance is also referred to as the “Powers spacing factor” [T. C. Powers, The air requirement of frost-resistant concrete, Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 29 (1949) 184-202]. Laboratory tests have shown that exceeding the critical “Powers spacing factor” of 500 μm leads to damage to the concrete in the freezing and thawing cycle. In order to achieve this with a limited air-pore content, the diameter of the artificially introduced air pores must therefore be less than 200-300 μm [K. Snyder, K. Natesaiyer & K. Hover, The stereological and statistical properties of entrained air voids in concrete: A mathematical basis for air void systems characterization, Materials Science of Concrete VI (2001) 129-214].
The formation of an artificial air-pore system depends critically on the composition and the conformity of the aggregates, the type and amount of the cement, the consistency of the concrete, the mixer used, the mixing time, and the temperature, but also on the nature and amount of the agent that forms the air pores, the air entrainer. Although these influencing factors can be controlled if account is taken of appropriate production rules, there may nevertheless be a multiplicity of unwanted adverse effects, resulting ultimately in the concrete's air content being above or below the desired level and hence adversely affecting the strength or the frost resistance of the concrete.
Artificial air pores of this kind cannot be metered directly; instead, the air entrained by mixing is stabilized by the addition of the aforementioned air entrainers [L. Du & K. J. Folliard, Mechanism of air entrainment in concrete, Cement & Concrete Research 35 (2005) 1463-71]. Conventional air entrainers are mostly surfactant-like in structure and break up the air introduced by mixing into small air bubbles having a diameter as far as possible of less than 300 μm, and stabilize them in the wet concrete microstructure. A distinction is made here between two types.
One type—for example sodium oleate, the sodium salt of abietic acid or Vinsol resin, an extract from pine roots—reacts with the calcium hydroxide of the pore solution in the cement paste and is precipitated as insoluble calcium salt. These hydrophobic salts reduce the surface tension of the water and collect at the interface between cement particle, air and water. They stabilize the microbubbles and are therefore encountered at the surfaces of these air pores in the concrete as it hardens.
The other type—for example sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) or sodium dodecyl-phenylsulphonate—reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium salts which, in contrast, are soluble, but which exhibit an abnormal solution behaviour. Below a certain critical temperature the solubility of these surfactants is very low, while above this temperature their solubility is very good. As a result of preferential accumulation at the air/water boundary they likewise reduce the surface tension, thus stabilize the microbubbles, and are preferably encountered at the surfaces of these air pores in the hardened concrete.
The use of these prior-art air entrainers is accompanied by a host of problems [L. Du & K. J. Folliard, Mechanism of air entrainment in concrete, Cement & Concrete Research 35 (2005) 1463-71]. For example, prolonged mixing times, different mixer speeds and altered metering sequences in the case of ready-mix concretes result in the expulsion of the stabilized air (in the air pores).
The transporting of concretes with extended transport times, poor temperature control and different pumping and conveying equipment, and also the introduction of these concretes in conjunction with altered subsequent processing, jerking and temperature conditions, can produce a significant change in an air-pore content set beforehand. In the worst case this may mean that a concrete no longer complies with the required limiting values of a certain exposure class and has therefore become unusable [EN 206-1 (2000), Concrete—Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity].
The amount of fine substances in the concrete (e.g. cement with different alkali content, additions such as flyash, silica dust or colour additions) likewise adversely affects air entrainment. There may also be interactions with flow improvers that have a defoaming action and hence expel air pores, but may also introduce them in an uncontrolled manner.
A further disadvantage of the introduction of air pores is seen as being the decrease in the mechanical strength of the concrete with increasing air content.
All of these influences which complicate the production of frost-resistant concrete can be avoided if, instead of the required air-pore system being generated by means of abovementioned air entrainers with surfactant-like structure, the air content is brought about by the admixing or solid metering of polymeric microparticles (hollow microspheres) [H. Sommer, A new method of making concrete resistant to frost and de-icing salts, Betonwerk & Fertigteiltechnik 9 (1978) 476-84]. Since the microparticles generally have particle sizes of less than 100 μm, they can also be distributed more finely and uniformly in the concrete microstructure than can artificially introduced air pores. Consequently, even small amounts are sufficient for sufficient resistance of the concrete to the freezing and thawing cycle.
The use of polymeric microparticles of this kind for improving the frost resistance and cyclical freeze/thaw durability of concrete is already known from the prior art [cf. DE 2229094 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,526 B1, U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,562 B1, DE 3026719 A1]. The microparticles described therein have diameters of at least 10 μm (usually substantially larger) and possess air-filled or gas-filled voids. This likewise includes porous particles, which can be larger than 100 μm and may possess a multiplicity of relatively small voids and/or pores.
With the use of hollow microparticles for artificial air entrainment in concrete, two factors proved to be disadvantageous for the implementation of this technology on the market. Relatively high doses are required in order to achieve satisfactory resistance of the concrete to freezing and thawing cycles. The object on which the present invention is based was therefore that of providing a means of improving the frost resistance and cyclical freeze/thaw durability for hydraulically setting building material mixtures that develops its full activity even in relatively low doses. A further object was to achieve high efficiency for this means, in order to achieve such activity with very small quantities of the means; the latter object is necessary in order not disproportionately to increase the production costs of a building material mixture furnished accordingly.
An additional object was to cause the action of this means to commence as soon as possible after the processing and hardening of the building material mixture.
The object has been achieved through the use of polymeric microparticles, containing a void, in hydraulically setting building material mixtures, characterized in that the shell of the microparticles comprises crosslinkers and/or in that the shell comprises a plasticizer and/or in that the monomer composition changes from core to shell in steps or in the form of a gradient.
Microparticles which in accordance with the invention meet one or more of these structural criteria can be produced with a very thin shell. Employed as additives in building material mixtures, such microparticles exhibit high effectiveness and result, even in small amounts, in the desired resistance towards frost and freeze/thaw cycling.
The shells of the microparticles of the invention are on average preferably thinner than 140 nm; greater preference is given to shells which are thinner than 100 nm; maximum preference is given to shells which are thinner than 70 nm.
The average shell thickness is appropriately determined by measurement on a statistically significant quantity of particles by means of transmission electron micrographs.
It has been found that microparticles with thin shells are able with particular rapidity to absorb the water and also to release it again. Thus, in the hardening of the concrete, the frost resistance and cyclical freeze/thaw durability is produced at a substantially greater rate.
The amounts of crosslinker used preferably for preparing the microparticles of the invention are 0.3%-15% by weight (based on the total amount of monomers in the shell); further preference is given to 0.5%-8% by weight of crosslinker; maximum preference is given to a level of 0.8%-3% by weight.
Particularly preferred crosslinkers are those selected from the group of ethylene glycol(meth)acrylate, propylene glycol(meth)acrylate, allyl(meth)acrylate, divinylbenzene, diallyl maleate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, glycerol trimethacrylate and pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate or mixtures thereof.
Through the use of a crosslinker, which need not necessarily lead to crosslinking of the shell polymer but instead may also only produce an increase in the molecular weight, success is achieved in producing shells which even at a relatively low thickness possess strengths sufficient for them to remain intact during the swelling of the microparticles. At the same time, with the use of crosslinker in the shell, the proportion of particles observed, after swelling, to have collapsed in on themselves, rather like a football with the air taken out, is reduced.


In a further preferred embodiment the microparticles of the invention may comprise plasticizers in the shell.
In the case of the preferred preparation of these particles by emulsion polymerization, preference is given to adding 0.3% to 12% by weight (based on the total weight of the shell, as 100%) to the reactor together with the monomer mixture of the shell, so that they are present during the actual polymerization and hence during the construction of the shell.
Alternatively the preferred amount of plasticizer can also be added after the polymerization, but prior to swelling.
Particularly preferred amounts are 0.6% to 8% by weight of plasticizer (based on the total weight of the shell, as 100%); maximum preference is given to 1% to 3% by weight of plasticizer.
The plasticizers ensure a tough and flexible shell which allows complete swelling of the microparticles. In this way it is likewise possible for very thin shells to be attained.
Preference is given to using plasticizers selected from the group of phthalates, adipates, phosphates or citrates, particular preference being given to phthalates.
The following plasticizers may be mentioned in particular, although the list can be continued ad infinitum and should not be interpreted as imposing any restriction:
Esters of phthalic acid, such as diundecyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, di-C7-C11-n-alkyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, benzyl octyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dibenzyl phthalate and tricresyl phosphate, dihexyl dicapryl phthalate.
Hydroxycarboxylic esters, such as esters of citric acid (for example tributyl O-acetylcitrate, triethyl O-acetylcitrate), esters of tartaric acid or esters of lactic acid.
Aliphatic dicarboxylic esters, such as esters of adipic acid (for example dioctyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate), esters of sebacic acid (for example dibutyl sebacate, dioctyl sebacate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate) or esters of azelaic acid.
Esters of trimellitic acid, such as tris(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate. Esters of benzoic acid, such as benzyl benzoate.
Esters of phosphoric acid, such as tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, diphenyl cresyl phosphate, diphenyl octyl phosphate, tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate.
Alkylsulphonic esters of phenol or of cresol, dibenzyltoluene, diphenyl ethers.
All of these plasticizers, and further plasticizers as well, can be employed alone of else as mixtures.
In a further preferred embodiment the monomer composition of the core and the shell does not exhibit a sharp discontinuity, as is the case for a core/shell particle of ideal construction, but instead changes gradually in two or more steps or in the form of a gradient.
Where, between the core, which is swollen, and the shell, which, like a balloon, is intended to allow the swelling to occur and yet to envelop the enclosed void without being torn apart, there is an intermediate shell, which takes on a part of the function of both, then it is possible to lower further the polymer content of the microparticles.
Further shells allow this effect to be reinforced even more. A gradient corresponds to a very large number of shells.
Since, by virtue of the transition from core to shell no longer being sudden, the exact determination of the shell thickness is no longer possible or no longer rational, it is more practicable to consider the polymer content of the micro-particles.
In the case of pure core/shell particles, a falling polymer content corresponds to a thinner wall for a given particle diameter.
In accordance with the present invention, polymeric microparticles are used whose void is filled with 1% to 100% by volume, in particular 10% to 100% by volume, of water.
Water-filled microparticles of this kind are already known in the prior art and are described in the publications EP 22 633 B1, EP 73 529 B1 and EP 188 325 B1. Furthermore, these water-filled microparticles are sold commercially under the brand name ROPAQUE® by Rohm & Haas. These products have to date been used primarily in inks and paints for improving the hiding power and opacity of paint coats or prints on paper, boards and other materials.
According to one preferred embodiment the microparticles used are composed of polymer particles which possess a core (A) and at least one shell (B), the core/shell polymer particles having been swollen by means of a base.
The core (A) of the particle contains one or more ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (derivative) monomers which permit swelling of the core; these monomers are preferably selected from the group of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid and crotonic acid and mixtures thereof. Acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are particularly preferred.
As nonionic, ethylenically unsaturated monomers, which form the polymer envelope (B), use is made in particular of styrene, butadiene, vinyltoluene, ethylene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide and/or C1-C12 alkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid.
The preparation of these polymeric microparticles by emulsion polymerization and their swelling by means of bases such as alkali or alkali metal hydroxides and also ammonia or an amine are likewise described in European patents EP 22 633 B1, EP 735 29 B1 and EP 188 325 B1.
It is possible to prepare core-shell particles which have a single-shell or multi-shell construction, or whose shells exhibit a gradient, with particularly thin shells being produced in accordance with the invention. The monomer composition changes from core to shell gradually in 2 or more steps or in the form of a gradient.
The microparticles used in accordance with the invention have a preferred average particle size of 100 to 5000 nm. The polymer content of the microparticles used may be situated, as a function of the diameter and the water content, at 2% to 98% by weight (weight of polymer relative to the total mass of the water-filled particle).
Particularly preferred diameters are 200 to 2000 nm, while maximum preference is given to particle sizes of 250 to 1000 nm.
The particularly preferred polymer contents are 2% to 98% by weight, preferably 2% to 60% by weight, most preferably 2% to 40% by weight.
The commercially customary microparticles (of the ROPAQUE® type, for example) are generally in the form of an aqueous dispersion, which is required to include a certain fraction of dispersant having surfactant structure in order to suppress agglomeration of the microparticles. It is also possible, however, alternatively, to use dispersions of these microparticles which contain no surfactants with surface activity (which might possibly have a disruptive effect in the concrete). For this purpose the microparticles are dispersed in aqueous solutions which contain a rheological standardizer. Thickening agents of this kind, which possess a pseudoplastic viscosity, are mostly of polysaccharide type [D. B. Braun & M. R. Rosen, Rheology Modifiers Handbook (2000), William Andrew Publ.]. Outstandingly suitable are microbial exopolysaccharides of the gellan group (S-60), and especially welan (S-130) and diutan (S-657) [E. J. Lee & R. Chandrasekaran, X-ray and computer modeling studies on gellan-related polymers: Molecular structures of welan, S-657, and rhamsan, Carbohydrate Research 214 (1991) 11-24].
In accordance with the invention the water-filled polymeric microparticles are used in the form of an aqueous dispersion.
Within the scope of the present invention it is entirely possible to add the water-filled microparticles directly as a solid to the building material mixture. For that purpose the microparticles—as described above—are coagulated and isolated from the aqueous dispersion by standard methods (e.g. filtration, centrifuging, sedimentation and decanting) and the particles are subsequently dried, as a result of which the water-containing core can certainly be retained. In order to maintain the water content in the microparticles unchanged as far as possible, it may be useful to wash the coagulated material with readily volatile liquids. In the case of the ROPAQUE® grades which are used, with their (poly)styrene shell, for example, alcohols such as MeOH or EtOH have been found to be appropriate.
The water-filled microparticles are added to the building material mixture in a preferred amount of 0.01% to 5% by volume, in particular 0.1% to 0.5% by volume. The building material mixture, in the form for example of concrete or mortar, may in this case include the customary hydraulically setting binders, such as cement, lime, gypsum or anhydrite, for example.
A substantial advantage through the use of the water-filled microparticles is that only an extremely small amount of air is introduced into the concrete. As a result, significantly improved compressive strengths are achievable in the concrete. These are about 25%-50% above the compressive strengths of concrete obtained with conventional air entrainment. Hence it is possible to attain strength classes which can otherwise be set only by means of a substantially lower water/cement value (w/c value). Low w/c values, however, in turn significantly restrict the processing properties of the concrete in certain circumstances.
Moreover, higher compressive strengths may make it possible to reduce the cement content of the concrete that is needed for strength to develop, and hence may mean a significant reduction in the price per m 3 of concrete.