(en)Polynucleotides and polypeptides incorporated into expression vectors are introduced into plants and were ectopically expressed. These polypeptides may confer at least one regulatory activity and increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency, increased yield, greater vigor, greater biomass as compared to a control plant.

1.ApplicationNumber: US-201313801253-A
1.PublishNumber: US-2014041073-A1
2.Date Publish: 20140206
3.Inventor: MARION COLLEEN M.
HYMUS GRAHAM J.
REUBER T. LYNNE
RATCLIFFE OLIVER J.

4.Inventor Harmonized: MARION COLLEEN M(US)
HYMUS GRAHAM J(US)
REUBER T LYNNE(US)
RATCLIFFE OLIVER J(US)

5.Country: US
6.Claims:
(en)Polynucleotides and polypeptides incorporated into expression vectors are introduced into plants and were ectopically expressed. These polypeptides may confer at least one regulatory activity and increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency, increased yield, greater vigor, greater biomass as compared to a control plant.

7.Description:
(en)This application claims the benefit of copending U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/679,320, filed Aug. 3, 2012, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to plant genomics and plant improvement.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A plant's phenotypic characteristics that enhance photosynthetic resource use efficiency may be controlled through a number of cellular processes. One important way to manipulate that control is by manipulating the characteristics or expression of regulatory proteins, proteins that influence the expression of a particular gene or sets of genes. For example, transformed or transgenic plants that comprise cells with altered levels of at least one selected regulatory polypeptide may possess advantageous or desirable traits, and strategies for manipulating traits by altering a plant cell's regulatory polypeptide content or expression level can result in plants and crops with commercially valuable properties. Examples of such trait manipulation are increased canopy photosynthesis, nitrogen use efficiency, or water use efficiency, as considered below.
Increasing Canopy Photosynthesis to Increase Crop Yield.
Recent studies by crop physiologists have provided evidence that crop-canopy photosynthesis is correlated with crop yield, and that increasing canopy photosynthesis can increase crop yield (Long et al., 2006 . Plant Cell Environ. 29:315-33; Murchie et al., 2009 New Phytol. 181:532-552; Zhu et al., 2010 . Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 61:235-261). Two overlapping strategies for increasing canopy photosynthesis have been proposed. The first recognizes that there exists great potential to increase canopy photosynthesis by improving multiple discrete reactions that currently limit photosynthetic capacity (reviewed in Zhu et al., 2010. supra). The second focuses upon improving plant physiological status during environmental conditions that limit the realization of photosynthetic capacity. It is important to distinguish this second goal from recent industry and academic screening for genes to improve stress tolerance. Arguably, these efforts may have identified genes that improve plant physiological status during severe stresses not typically experienced on productive acres (Jones, 2007 . J. Exp. Bot. 58:119-130; Passioura, 2007 . J. Exp. Bot. 58:113-117). In contrast, improving the resource use efficiency with which photosynthesis operates relative to the availability of key resources of water, nitrogen and light, is thought to be more appropriate for improving yield on productive acres (Long et al., 1994 . Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol. 45:633-662; Morison et al., 2008 . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363:639-658; Passioura, 2007, supra).
Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) to Increase Crop Yield.
There has been a large increase in food productivity over the past 50 years causing a decrease in world hunger despite a significant increase in population (Godfray et al., 2010 . Science 327:812-818). A significant contribution to this increased yield was a 20-fold increase in the application of nitrogen fertilizers (Glass, 2003 . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22:453-470). About 85 million to 90 million metric tons of nitrogen are applied annually to soil, and this application rate is expected to increase to 240 million metric tons by 2050 (Good et al., 2004 . Trends Plant Sci. 9:597-605). However, plants use only 30 to 40% of the applied nitrogen and the rest is lost through a combination of leaching, surface run-off, denitrification, volatilization, and microbial consumption (Frink et al., 1999 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1175-1180; Glass, 2003, supra; Good et al., 2004, supra; Raun and Johnson, 1999 . Agron. J. 91:357-363). The loss of more than 60% of applied nitrogen can have serious environmental effects, such as groundwater contamination, anoxic coastal zones, and conversion to greenhouse gases. In addition, while most fertilizer components are mined (such as phosphates), inorganic nitrogen is derived from the energy intensive conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia. Thus, the addition of nitrogen fertilizer is typically the highest single input cost for many crops, and since its production is energy intensive, the cost is dependent on the price of energy (Rothstein, 2007 . Plant Cell 19:2695-2699). With an increasing demand for food from an increasing human population, agriculture yields must be increased at the same time as dependence on applied fertilizers is decreased. Therefore, to minimize nitrogen loss, reduce environmental pollution, and decrease input cost, it is crucial to develop crop varieties with higher nitrogen use efficiency (Garnett et al., 2009 . Plant Cell Environ. 32:1272-1283; Hirel et al., 2007 . J. Exp. Bot. 58:2369-2387; Lea and Azevedo, 2007 . Ann. Appl. Biol. 151:269-275; Masclaux-Daubresse et al., 2010 . Ann. Bot. 105:1141-1157; Moll et al., 1982 . Agron. J. 74:562-564; Sylvester-Bradley and Kindred, 2009 . J. Exp. Bot. 60:1939-1951).
Improving Water Use Efficiency (WUE) to Improve Yield.
Freshwater is a limited and dwindling global resource; therefore, improving the efficiency with which food and biofuel crops use water is a prerequisite for maintaining and improving yield (Karaba et al., 2007 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104:15270-15275). WUE can be used to describe the relationship between water use and crop productivity over a range of time integrals. The basic physiological definition of WUE equates the ratio of photosynthesis (A) to transpiration (T) at a given moment in time, also referred to as transpiration efficiency. However, the WUE concept can be scaled significantly, for example, over the complete lifecycle of a crop, where biomass or yield can be expressed per cumulative total of water transpired from the canopy. Thus far, the engineering of major field crops for improved WUE with single genes has not yet been achieved (Karaba et al., 2007. supra). Regardless, increased yields of wheat cultivars bred for increased transpiration efficiency (the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration) have provided important support for the proposition that crop yield can be increased over broad acres through improvement in crop water-use efficiency (Condon et al., 2004 . J. Exp. Bot. 55:2447-2460).
With these needs in mind, new technologies for yield enhancement are required. In this disclosure, a phenotypic screening platform that directly measures photosynthetic capacity, water-use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency of mature plants was used to discover advantageous properties conferred by ectopic expression of the described regulatory proteins in plants.
SUMMARY
The instant description is directed to a transgenic plant or plants that have increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency with respect to a control plant. In this regard, the transgenic plant or plants comprise a first recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter of interest. The choice of promoter may include a constitutive promoter or a promoter with enhanced activity in a tissue capable of photosynthesis (also referred to herein as a “photosynthetic promoter” or a “photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoter”) such as a leaf tissue or other green tissue. Examples of photosynthetic promoters include for example, an RBCS3 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 133), an RBCS4 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 134) or others such as the At4g01060 (also referred to as “G682”) promoter (SEQ ID NO: 135), the latter regulating expression in a guard cell. The promoter regulates a polypeptide that is encoded by the first recombinant polynucleotide or by a second (or target) recombinant polynucleotide (in which case expression of the polypeptide may be regulated by a trans-regulatory element). The promoter may also regulate expression of a polypeptide to an effective level of expression in a photosynthetic tissue, that is, to a level that, as a result of expression of the polypeptide to that level, improves photosynthetic resource use efficiency in a transgenic plant relative to a control plant. The first polynucleotide may comprise the promoter and also encode the polypeptide or alternatively, the first polypeptide may comprise the promoter and drive expression of the polypeptide which is encoded by the second recombinant polynucleotide. In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence that is paralogous or orthologous to SEQ ID NO: 2, being structurally-related to SEQ ID NO: 2 and having a function similar to SEQ ID NO: 2 as described herein. Expression of the polypeptide under the regulatory control of the constitutive or the leaf-enhanced or photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoter in the transgenic plant confers greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency to the transgenic plants, and may ultimately increase yield that may be obtained from the plants.
The instant description also pertains to methods for increasing photosynthetic resource use efficiency in, or increasing yield from, a plant or plants including: the method conducted by growing a transgenic plant comprising and/or transformed with an expression cassette comprising the first recombinant polynucleotide that comprises a constitutive promoter or a promoter expressed in photosynthetic tissue, which may be a leaf-enhanced or green tissue-enhanced promoter, such as for example, the RBCS3, RBCS4 or At4g01060 promoters, or another photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoter, for example, such a promoter found in the sequence listing or in Table 4. Said promoter regulates expression of a polypeptide that comprises SEQ ID NO: 2, or a polypeptide sequence within the MYB19 clade (recombinant polynucleotides encoding MYB19 clade polypeptides are described in the following paragraphs (a)-(c), and exemplary polypeptides within the clade are described in the following paragraphs (d)-(f) and are shown in FIG. 1 and FIGS. 2A-2I ).
The first or second recombinant polynucleotide encoding a MYB19 clade polypeptide may include:
(a) nucleic acid sequences that are at least 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or about 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33; and/or
(b) nucleic acid sequences that encode polypeptide sequences that are at least 40%, increasing by increments of 1% to about 100% identical in their amino acid sequences to the entire length of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2n, where n=1-17 (that is, SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34); and/or
(c) nucleic acid sequences that hybridize under stringent conditions (e.g., hybridization followed by one, two, or more wash steps of 6×SSC and 65° C. for ten to thirty minutes per step) to any of SEQ ID NOs: 2n−1, where n=1-17 (that is, SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33).
The MYB19 clade polypeptides may include:
(d) polypeptide sequences encoded by the nucleic acid sequences of (a), (b) and/or (c); and/or
(e) polypeptide sequences that have at least 40% identity increasing by increments of 1% to about 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or to SEQ ID NOs: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, or 34, and/or at least 69% identity increasing by increments of 1% to about 100% identity to the first Myb DNA binding domain of SEQ ID NO: 2 (‘Myb DNA binding domain 1’) or SEQ ID NOs: 61-77, and/or at least 72% identity increasing by increments of 1% to about 100% identity to the second Myb DNA binding domain (‘Myb DNA binding domain 2’) of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NOs: 95-111; and/or
(f) polypeptide sequences that comprise a subsequence that are at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or about 100% identical to a consensus sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129 or 130.
“Increasing by increments of 1% to about 100% identity” in paragraphs (b) and (e) refers to at least: 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 90%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or about 100% amino acid identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or to SEQ ID NOs: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, or 34; or
at least: 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 90%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%, or about 100% identity to any the first Myb DNA binding domains of SEQ ID NOs: 61 to 77; or
at least: 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or about 100% identity to any of the second Myb DNA binding domains of SEQ ID NOs: 95 to 111.
Expression of these MYB19 clade polypeptides in the transgenic plant may confer increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency relative to a control plant. The transgenic plant may be selected for increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency or greater yield relative to the control plant. The transgenic plant may also be crossed with itself, a second plant from the same line as the transgenic plant, a non-transgenic plant, a wild-type plant, or a transgenic plant from a different line of plants, to produce a transgenic seed.
The instant description also pertains to methods for producing and selecting a crop plant with a greater yield than a control plant, the method comprising producing a transgenic plant by introducing into a target plant a recombinant polynucleotide that comprises a promoter, such as a leaf- or photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoter that regulates a polypeptide encoded by the recombinant polynucleotide or a second recombinant polynucleotide, wherein the polypeptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 2. A plurality of the transgenic plants are then grown, and a transgenic plant is selected that produces greater yield or has greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency than a control plant. The expression of the polypeptide in the selected transgenic plant confers the greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency and/or greater yield relative to the control plant. Optionally, the selected transgenic plant may be crossed with itself, a second plant from the same line as the transgenic plant, a non-transgenic plant, a wild-type plant, or a transgenic plant from a different line of plants, to produce a transgenic seed. A plurality of the selected transgenic plants will generally have greater cumulative canopy photosynthesis than the canopy photosynthesis of an identical number of the control plants.
The transgenic plant(s) described herein and produced by the instantly described methods may also possess one or more altered traits that result in greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency. The altered trait may include: increased photosynthetic capacity; a decrease in leaf chlorophyll content; a decrease in percentage of nitrogen in leaf dry weight; increased transpiration efficiency; an increase in resistance to water vapor diffusion exerted by leaf stomata; an increase in a rate of reactions responsible for dissipating light energy absorbed by light harvesting antennae as heat; a decrease in the ratio of the carbon isotope 12 C to 13 C in above-ground biomass; and/or an increase in the total dry weight of above-ground plant material.
At least one advantage of greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency is that the transgenic plant, or a plurality of the transgenic plants, will have greater cumulative canopy photosynthesis than the canopy photosynthesis of an identical number of the control plants, or produce greater yield than an identical number of the control plants. A wide variety of transgenic plants are envisioned, including corn, wheat, rice, Setaria, Miscanthus, Setaria switchgrass, ryegrass, sugarcane, miscane, barley, sorghum, soy, cotton, canola, rapeseed, Crambe, Camelina , sugar beet, alfalfa, tomato, Eucalyptus , poplar, willow, pine, birch and other woody plants.
The instant description also pertains to expression vectors that comprise a recombinant polynucleotide that comprises a promoter expressed in photosynthetic tissue, for example a leaf- or green tissue-enhanced promoter including the RBCS3, RBCS4, or At4g01060 promoters (SEQ ID NOs: 133-135), or another photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoter, for example, such a promoter found in the sequence listing or in Table 4 (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 136-159), and a subsequence that encodes a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2, or, alternatively, two expression constructs, one of which encodes a promoter such as a leaf-enhanced promoter or other photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoter, and the second encodes the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. In either instance, whether the polypeptide is encoded by the first or second expression constructs, the promoter regulates expression of the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 by being responsible for production of cis- or trans-regulatory elements, respectively.
In the above paragraphs, the control plant may be exemplified by a plant of the same species as the plant comprising the recombinant polynucleotide, but the control plant does not comprise the recombinant polynucleotide (containing the promoter and possibly encoding the polypeptide) or the second recombinant polynucleotide.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING AND DRAWINGS
The Sequence Listing provides exemplary polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the instant description. The traits associated with the use of the sequences are included in the Examples.
Incorporation of the Sequence Listing.
The Sequence Listing provides exemplary polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences. The copy of the Sequence Listing, being submitted electronically with this patent application, provided under 37 CFR §1.821-1.825, is a read-only memory computer-readable file in ASCII text format. The Sequence Listing is named “MBI-0203P_ST25.txt”, the electronic file of the Sequence Listing was created on Aug. 3, 2012, and is 222,861 bytes in size (217 kilobytes in size as measured in MS-WINDOWS). The Sequence Listing is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In FIG. 1 , a phylogenetic tree of the MYB19 (also referred to as G1309) clade members and related full length proteins were constructed using TreeBeST (Ruan et al., 2008 . Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (suppl. 1): D735-D740) using the best command to identify the best tree from maximum likelihood and neighbor joining methods. The MYB19 clade members appear in the large box with the solid line boundary. MYB19 appears in the oval. An ancestral sequence of MYB19 and closely-related sequences is represented by the node of the tree indicated by the arrow “A” in FIG. 1 . MYB19 clade members are considered those proteins that descended from ancestral sequence “A”, including the exemplary sequences shown in this figure that are bounded by LOC_Os04g45020.1 and Solyc03g025870.2.1 (indicated by the box around these sequences). A related clade is represented by the node indicated by arrow “B”.
FIGS. 2A-2I show an alignment of the MYB19 clade and related proteins which appear in the boxes with the solid line boundaries. The alignment was generated with MUSCLE v3.8.31 (Edgar (2004) Nucleic Acids Res. 32:1792-1797) with default parameters. SEQ ID NOs: appear in parentheses after each Gene Identifier (GID). The conserved first and second Myb DNA binding domains appear in boxes with the dashed line boundaries. The conserved residues within the clade are shown in the last rows of FIGS. 2B-2F and are presented as SEQ ID NOs: 129 (underlined), 130 (double underlined) and 160. SEQ ID NOs: 129 and 130 share the triple underlined Glu residue in FIG. 2C .
FIG. 3 presents a plot of photosynthetic capacity at growth temperature, showing increased light saturated photosynthesis (A sat ) over a range of leaf, sub-stomatal CO 2 concentration (C i ), in five MYB19 overexpression lines, compared to a control line. Data were collected over a range of C i over which the activity of Rubisco is known to limit A sat . The solid line shown is a regression fitted to the data for the control line only. All data are the means±1 standard error for data collected on at least nine replicate plants for each line.
FIG. 4 presents a plot of photosynthetic capacity at growth temperature showing increased A sat over a range of leaf, sub-stomatal C i in five MYB19 overexpression lines, compared to a control line. Data were collected over a range of C i over which the capacity to regenerate RuBP is known to limit A sat . The solid line shown is a regression fitted to the data for the control line only. All data are the means±1 standard error for data collected on at least nine replicate plants for each line.



LEGEND FOR FIG. 3 AND FIG. 4
 control
∘ Line 2
⋄ Line 3
Δ Line 6
□ Line 7
Line 8
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present description relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides for modifying phenotypes of plants, particularly those associated with increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency and increased yield with respect to a control plant (for example, a wild-type plant). Throughout this disclosure, various information sources are referred to and/or are specifically incorporated. The information sources include scientific journal articles, patent documents, textbooks, and internet entries. While the reference to these information sources clearly indicates that they can be used by one of skill in the art, each and every one of the information sources cited herein are specifically incorporated in their entirety, whether or not a specific mention of “incorporation by reference” is noted. The contents and teachings of each and every one of the information sources can be relied on and used to make and use embodiments of the instant description.
As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a host cell” includes a plurality of such host cells, and a reference to “a plant” is a reference to one or more plants, and so forth.
A “recombinant polynucleotide” is a polynucleotide that is not in its native state, e.g., the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence not found in nature, or the polynucleotide is in a context other than that in which it is naturally found, e.g., separated from nucleotide sequences with which it typically is in proximity in nature, or adjacent (or contiguous with) nucleotide sequences with which it typically is not in proximity For example, the sequence at issue can be cloned into a vector, or otherwise recombined with one or more additional nucleic acid.
A “polypeptide” is an amino acid sequence comprising a plurality of consecutive polymerized amino acid residues e.g., at least about 15 consecutive polymerized amino acid residues. In many instances, a polypeptide comprises a polymerized amino acid residue sequence that is a regulatory polypeptide or a domain or portion or fragment thereof. Additionally, the polypeptide may comprise: (i) a localization domain; (ii) an activation domain; (iii) a repression domain; (iv) an oligomerization domain; (v) a protein-protein interaction domain; (vi) a DNA-binding domain; or the like. The polypeptide optionally comprises modified amino acid residues, naturally occurring amino acid residues not encoded by a codon, or non-naturally occurring amino acid residues.
“Protein” refers to an amino acid sequence, oligopeptide, peptide, polypeptide or portions thereof whether naturally occurring or synthetic.
A “recombinant polypeptide” is a polypeptide produced by translation of a recombinant polynucleotide. A “synthetic polypeptide” is a polypeptide created by consecutive polymerization of isolated amino acid residues using methods well known in the art. An “isolated polypeptide,” whether a naturally occurring or a recombinant polypeptide, is more enriched in (or out of) a cell than the polypeptide in its natural state in a wild-type cell, e.g., more than about 5% enriched, more than about 10% enriched, or more than about 20%, or more than about 50%, or more, enriched, i.e., alternatively denoted: 105%, 110%, 120%, 150% or more, enriched relative to wild type standardized at 100%. Such an enrichment is not the result of a natural response of a wild-type plant. Alternatively, or additionally, the isolated polypeptide is separated from other cellular components with which it is typically associated, e.g., by any of the various protein purification methods herein.
“Identity” or “similarity” refers to sequence similarity between two polynucleotide sequences or between two polypeptide sequences, with identity being a more strict comparison. The phrases “percent identity” and “% identity” refer to the percentage of sequence similarity found in a comparison of two or more polynucleotide sequences or two or more polypeptide sequences. “Sequence similarity” refers to the percent similarity in base pair sequence (as determined by any suitable method) between two or more polynucleotide sequences. Two or more sequences can be anywhere from 0-100% similar or identical, or any integer value between 0-100%. Identity or similarity can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence that may be aligned for purposes of comparison. When a position in the compared sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide base or amino acid, then the molecules are identical at that position. A degree of similarity or identity between polynucleotide sequences is a function of the number of identical, matching or corresponding nucleotides at positions shared by the polynucleotide sequences. A degree of identity of polypeptide sequences is a function of the number of identical amino acids at corresponding positions shared by the polypeptide sequences. A degree of homology or similarity of polypeptide sequences is a function of the number of amino acids at corresponding positions shared by the polypeptide sequences. The fraction or percentage of components in common is related to the homology or identity between the sequences. Alignments such as those of FIGS. 2A-2I may be used to identify conserved domains and relatedness within these domains. An alignment may suitably be determined by means of computer programs known in the art, such as MACVECTOR software, (1999; Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, Calif.).
“Homologous sequences” refers to polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences that are similar due to common ancestry and sequence conservation. The terms “ortholog” and “paralog” are defined below in the section entitled “Orthologs and Paralogs”. In brief, orthologs and paralogs are evolutionarily related genes that have similar sequences and functions. Orthologs are structurally related genes in different species that are derived by a speciation event. Paralogs are structurally related genes within a single species that are derived by a duplication event.
“Functional homologs” are polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences, including orthologs and paralogs, that are similar due to common ancestry and sequence conservation and have identical or similar function at the catalytic, cellular, or organismal levels. The presently disclosed MYB19 clade polypeptides are “functionally-related and/or closely-related” by having descended from a common ancestral sequence (see the node shown by arrow A in FIG. 1 ), and/or by being sufficiently similar to the sequences and domains listed in Tables 2 or 3 that they confer the same function to plants of increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency and associated improved plant vigor, quality, yield, size, and/or biomass.
Functionally-related and/or closely-related polypeptides may be created artificially, semi-synthetically, or may occur naturally by having descended from the same ancestral sequence as the disclosed MYB19-related sequences, where the polypeptides have the function of conferring increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency to plants.
“Conserved domains” are recurring units in molecular evolution, the extents of which can be determined by sequence and structure analysis. A “conserved domain” or “conserved region” as used herein refers to a region in heterologous polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences where there is a relatively high degree of sequence identity between the distinct sequences. Conserved domains contain conserved sequence patterns or motifs that allow for their detection in, and identification and characterization of, polypeptide sequences. A Myb or Myb-like domain is an example of a conserved domain.
A transgenic plant is expected to have improved or increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency relative to a control plant when the transgenic plant is transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide encoding any of the listed sequences or another MYB19 clade sequence, or when the transgenic plant contains or expresses a MYB19 clade sequence.
The terms “highly stringent” or “highly stringent condition” refer to conditions that permit hybridization of DNA strands whose sequences are highly complementary, wherein these same conditions exclude hybridization of significantly mismatched DNAs. Polynucleotide sequences capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions with the polynucleotides of the present description may be, for example, variants of the disclosed polynucleotide sequences, including allelic or splice variants, or sequences that encode orthologs or paralogs of presently disclosed polypeptides. Nucleic acid hybridization methods are disclosed in detail by Kashima et al., 1985 . Nature 313: 402-404; Sambrook et al., 1989 . Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., and by Haymes et al., 1985 . Nucleic Acid Hybridization: A Practical Approach , IRL Press, Washington, D.C., which references are incorporated herein by reference.
In general, stringency is determined by the temperature, ionic strength, and concentration of denaturing agents (e.g., formamide) used in a hybridization and washing procedure (for a more detailed description of establishing and determining stringency, see the section “Identifying Polynucleotides or Nucleic Acids by Hybridization”, below). The degree to which two nucleic acids hybridize under various conditions of stringency is correlated with the extent of their similarity. Thus, similar nucleic acid sequences from a variety of sources, such as within a plant's genome (as in the case of paralogs) or from another plant (as in the case of orthologs) that may perform similar functions can be isolated on the basis of their ability to hybridize with known related polynucleotide sequences. Numerous variations are possible in the conditions and means by which nucleic acid hybridization can be performed to isolate related polynucleotide sequences having similarity to sequences known in the art and are not limited to those explicitly disclosed herein. Such an approach may be used to isolate polynucleotide sequences having various degrees of similarity with disclosed polynucleotide sequences, such as, for example, encoded regulatory polypeptides also having at least 40% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, and/or 69% identity to the first Myb DNA binding domain of SEQ ID NO: 2, and/or 72% identity to the second Myb DNA binding domain of SEQ ID NO: 2, increasing by steps of 1% to about 100%, identity with the conserved domains of disclosed sequences (see, for example, Table 2 showing MYB19 clade polypeptides having at least 69%, 70%, 72%, 73%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 80%, 85%, or about 100% amino acid identity with the first Myb DNA binding domain of SEQ ID NO: 2, and/or, in Table 3, at least 72%, 74%, 76%, 79%, 81%, 88% or about 100% amino acid identity with the second Myb DNA binding domain of SEQ ID NO: 2).
“Fragment”, with respect to a polynucleotide, refers to a clone or any part of a polynucleotide molecule that retains a usable, functional characteristic. Useful fragments include oligonucleotides and polynucleotides that may be used in hybridization or amplification technologies or in the regulation of replication, transcription or translation. A “polynucleotide fragment” refers to any subsequence of a polynucleotide, typically, of at least about nine consecutive nucleotides, preferably at least about 30 nucleotides, more preferably at least about 50 nucleotides, of any of the sequences provided herein. Exemplary polynucleotide fragments are the first 60 consecutive nucleotides of the polynucleotides listed in the Sequence Listing. Exemplary fragments also include fragments that comprise a region that encodes an conserved domain of a polypeptide. Exemplary fragments also include fragments that comprise a conserved domain of a polypeptide. Exemplary fragments include fragments that comprise an conserved domain of a polypeptide, for example, amino acid residues 17-77 or 70-112 of MYB19 (SEQ ID NO: 2), or the amino acid residues of the domains listed in Tables 2 or 3, or SEQ ID NO: 61-77 or 95-111.
Fragments may also include subsequences of polypeptides and protein molecules, or a subsequence of the polypeptide. Fragments may have uses in that they may have antigenic potential. In some cases, the fragment or domain is a subsequence of the polypeptide which performs at least one biological function of the intact polypeptide in substantially the same manner, or to a similar extent, as does the intact polypeptide. For example, a polypeptide fragment can comprise a recognizable structural motif or functional domain such as a DNA-binding site or domain that binds to a DNA promoter region, an activation domain, or a domain for protein-protein interactions, and may initiate transcription. Fragments can vary in size from as few as three amino acid residues to the full length of the intact polypeptide, but are preferably at least about 30 amino acid residues in length and more preferably at least about 60 amino acid residues in length.
Fragments may also refer to a functional fragment of a promoter region. For example, a recombinant polynucleotide capable of modulating transcription in a plant may comprise a nucleic acid sequence with similarity to, or a percentage identity to, a promoter region exemplified by a promoter sequence provided in the Sequence Listing (also see promoters listed in Example I), a fragment thereof, or a complement thereof, wherein the nucleic acid sequence, or the fragment thereof, or the complement thereof, regulates expression of a polypeptide in a plant cell.
The term “plant” includes whole plants, shoot vegetative organs/structures (for example, leaves, stems and tubers), roots, flowers and floral organs/structures (for example, bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, anthers and ovules), seed (including embryo, endosperm, and seed coat) and fruit (the mature ovary), plant tissue (for example, vascular tissue, ground tissue, and the like) and cells (for example, guard cells, egg cells, and the like), and progeny of same. The class of the plants that can be transformed using the methods provided of the instant description is generally as broad as the class of higher and lower plants amenable to transformation techniques, including angiosperms (monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants), gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, psilophytes, lycophytes, and bryophytes.
A “control plant” as used in the present description refers to a plant cell, seed, plant component, plant tissue, plant organ or whole plant used to compare against transgenic or genetically modified plant for the purpose of identifying an enhanced phenotype in the transgenic or genetically modified plant. A control plant may in some cases be a transgenic plant line that comprises an empty vector or marker gene, but does not contain the recombinant polynucleotide of the present description that is expressed in the transgenic or genetically modified plant being evaluated. In general, a control plant is a plant of the same line or variety as the transgenic or genetically modified plant being tested. A suitable control plant would include a genetically unaltered or non-transgenic plant of the parental line used to generate a transgenic plant herein.
A “transgenic plant” refers to a plant that contains genetic material not found in a wild-type plant of the same species, variety or cultivar. The genetic material may include a transgene, an insertional mutagenesis event (such as by transposon or T-DNA insertional mutagenesis), an activation tagging sequence, a mutated sequence, a homologous recombination event or a sequence modified by chimeraplasty. Typically, the foreign genetic material has been introduced into the plant by human manipulation, but any method can be used as one of skill in the art recognizes.
A transgenic line or transgenic plant line refers to the progeny plant or plants deriving from the stable integration of heterologous genetic material into a specific location or locations within the genome of the original transformed cell.
A transgenic plant may contain an expression vector or cassette. The expression cassette typically comprises a polypeptide-encoding sequence operably linked (i.e., under regulatory control of) to appropriate inducible, tissue-enhanced, tissue-specific, or constitutive regulatory sequences that allow for the controlled expression of the polypeptide. The expression cassette can be introduced into a plant by transformation or by breeding after transformation of a parent plant. A plant refers to a whole plant as well as to a plant part, such as seed, fruit, leaf, or root, plant tissue, plant cells or any other plant material, e.g., a plant explant, as well as to progeny thereof, and to in vitro systems that mimic biochemical or cellular components or processes in a cell.
“Germplasm” refers to a genetic material or a collection of genetic resources for an organism from an individual plan, a group of related individual plants (for example, a plant line, a plant variety or a plant family), or a clone derived from a plant line, plant variety, plant species, or plant culture.
A constitutive promoter is active under most environmental conditions, and in most plant parts. Regulation of protein expression in a constitutive manner refers to the control of expression of a gene and/or its encoded protein in all tissues regardless of the surrounding environment or development stage of the plant.
Alternatively, expression of the disclosed or listed polypeptides may be under the regulatory control of a promoter that is not a constitutive promoter. For example, tissue-enhanced (also referred to as tissue-preferred), tissue-specific, cell type-specific, and inducible promoters constitute non-constitutive promoters; that is, these promoters do not regulate protein expression in a constitutive manner. Tissue-enhanced or tissue-preferred promoters facilitate expression of a gene and/or its encoded protein in specific tissue(s) and generally, although perhaps not completely, do not express the gene and/or protein in all other tissues of the plant, or do so to a much lesser extent. Promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as xylem, leaves, roots, or seeds. Such promoters are examples of tissue-enhanced or tissue-preferred promoters (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,365,186). Tissue-specific promoters generally confine transgene expression to a single plant part, tissue or cell-type, although many such promoters are not perfectly restricted in their expression and their regulatory control is more properly described as being “tissue-enhanced” or “tissue-preferred”. Tissue-enhanced promoters primarily regulate transgene expression in a limited number of plant parts, tissues or cell-types, and the latter type of promoters causes the expression of proteins to be overwhelming restricted to a few particular tissues, plant parts, or cell types. An example of a tissue-enhanced promoter is a “photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoter”, for which the promoter preferentially regulates gene or protein expression in photosynthetic tissues (e.g., leaves, cotyledons, stems, etc.). Tissue-enhanced promoters can be found upstream and operatively linked to DNA sequences normally transcribed in higher levels in certain plant tissues or specifically in certain plant tissues, respectively. “Cell-enhanced”, “tissue-enhanced”, or “tissue-specific” regulation thus refer to the control of gene or protein expression, for example, by a promoter, which drives expression that is not necessarily totally restricted to a single type of cell or tissue, but where expression is elevated in particular cells or tissues to a greater extent than in other cells or tissues within the organism, and in the case of tissue-specific regulation, in a manner that is primarily elevated in a specific tissue. Tissue-enhanced or preferred promoters have been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,365,186, or U.S. Pat. No. 7,619,133.
Another example of a promoter that is not a constitutive promoter is a “condition-enhanced” promoter, the latter term referring to a promoter that activates a gene in response to a particular environmental stimulus. This may include, for example, an abiotic stress, infection caused by a pathogen, light treatment, etc., and a condition-enhanced promoter drives expression in a unique pattern which may include expression in specific cell and/or tissue types within the organism (as opposed to a constitutive expression pattern in all cell types of an organism at all times).
“Wild type” or “wild-type”, as used herein, refers to a plant cell, seed, plant component, plant tissue, plant organ or whole plant that has not been genetically modified or treated in an experimental sense. Wild-type cells, seed, components, tissue, organs or whole plants may be used as controls to compare levels of expression and the extent and nature of trait modification with cells, tissue or plants of the same species in which a polypeptide's expression is altered, e.g., in that it has been knocked out, overexpressed, or ectopically expressed.
With regard to gene knockouts as used herein, the term “knockout” (KO) refers to a plant or plant cell having a disruption in at least one gene in the plant or cell, where the disruption results in a reduced expression or activity of the polypeptide encoded by that gene compared to a control cell. The knockout can be the result of, for example, genomic disruptions, including transposons, tilling, and homologous recombination, antisense constructs, sense constructs, RNA silencing constructs, or RNA interference. A T-DNA insertion within a gene is an example of a genotypic alteration that may abolish expression of that gene.
“Ectopic expression” or “altered expression” in reference to a polynucleotide indicates that the pattern of expression in, e.g., a transgenic plant or plant tissue, is different from the expression pattern in a wild-type plant or a reference plant of the same species. The pattern of expression may also be compared with a reference expression pattern in a wild-type plant of the same species. For example, the polynucleotide or polypeptide is expressed in a cell or tissue type other than a cell or tissue type in which the sequence is expressed in the wild-type plant, or by expression at a time other than at the time the sequence is expressed in the wild-type plant, or by a response to different inducible agents, such as hormones or environmental signals, or at different expression levels (either higher or lower) compared with those found in a wild-type plant. The term also refers to altered expression patterns that are produced by lowering the levels of expression to below the detection level or completely abolishing expression. The resulting expression pattern can be transient or stable, constitutive or inducible. In reference to a polypeptide, the term “ectopic expression or altered expression” further may relate to altered activity levels resulting from the interactions of the polypeptides with exogenous or endogenous modulators or from interactions with factors or as a result of the chemical modification of the polypeptides.
The term “overexpression” as used herein refers to a greater expression level of a gene in a plant, plant cell or plant tissue, compared to expression of that gene in a wild-type plant, cell or tissue, at any developmental or temporal stage. Overexpression can occur when, for example, the genes encoding one or more polypeptides are under the control of a strong promoter (e.g., the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S transcription initiation region). Overexpression may also be achieved by placing a gene of interest under the control of an inducible or tissue specific promoter, or may be achieved through integration of transposons or engineered T-DNA molecules into regulatory regions of a target gene. Other means for inducing overexpression may include making targeted changes in a gene's native promoter, e.g. through elimination of negative regulatory sequences or engineering positive regulatory sequences, though the use of targeted nuclease activity (such as zinc finger nucleases or TAL effector nucleases) for genome editing. Elimination of micro-RNA binding sites in a gene's transcript may also result in overexpression of that gene. Additionally, a gene may be overexpressed by creating an artificial transcriptional activator targeted to bind specifically to its promoter sequences, comprising an engineered sequence-specific DNA binding domain such as a zinc finger protein or TAL effector protein fused to a transcriptional activation domain. Thus, overexpression may occur throughout a plant, in specific tissues of the plant, or in the presence or absence of particular environmental signals, depending on the promoter or overexpression approach used.
Overexpression may take place in plant cells normally lacking expression of polypeptides functionally equivalent or identical to the present polypeptides. Overexpression may also occur in plant cells where endogenous expression of the present polypeptides or functionally equivalent molecules normally occurs, but such normal expression is at a lower level. Overexpression thus results in a greater than normal production, or “overproduction” of the polypeptide in the plant, cell or tissue.
“Nitrogen limitation” or “nitrogen-limiting” refers to nitrogen levels that act as net limitations on primary production in terrestrial or aquatic biomes. Much of terrestrial growth, including much of crop growth, is limited by the availability of nitrogen, which can be alleviated by nitrogen input through deposition or fertilization.
“Water use efficiency”, or WUE, measured as the biomass produced per unit transpiration, describes the relationship between water use and crop production. The basic physiological definition of WUE equates to the ratio of photosynthesis (A) to transpiration (T), also referred to as transpiration efficiency (Karaba et al. 2007, supra).
“Photosynthetic capacity” refers to the limits placed on photosynthesis by the physiology of the chloroplast. Specifically, regulation of light absorption and activities of enzymes in the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways. Increasing photosynthetic capacity is seen as an important means of increasing leaf and crop-canopy photosynthesis, and crop yield.
“Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase) activity” refers to the activation state of Rubisco, the most abundant protein in the chloroplast and a key limitation to C3 photosynthesis. Increasing Rubisco activity: by increasing the amount of Rubisco in the chloroplast; impacting any combination of specific reactions that regulate Rubisco activity; or increasing the concentration of CO 2 in the chloroplast, is seen as an import means to improving C3 leaf and crop-canopy photosynthesis and crop yield.
The “capacity for RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) regeneration” refers to the rate at which RuBP, a key photosynthetic substrate is regenerated in the Calvin cycle. Increasing the capacity for RuBP regeneration by increasing the activity of enzymes in the regenerative phase of the Calvin cycle is seen as an important means to improving C3 leaf and crop-canopy photosynthesis and crop yield that will become progressively more important as atmospheric CO 2 concentrations continue to rise.
“Leaf chlorophyll content” refers to the chlorophyll content of the leaf expressed either per unit leaf area or unit weight. Leaves absorb more light than they require for photosynthesis for large portions of the day. This absorbed energy must be dissipated if damage to the leaf is to be avoided. Consequently, decreasing leaf chlorophyll content is considered an effective means to improving photosynthetic resource-use efficiency across scales, from the leaf to the crop canopy. Decreasing leaf chlorophyll content can increase light transmission into the leaf and improve N investment between the different components of the photosynthetic apparatus. This concept can be extended to the canopy where decreased chlorophyll content in upper canopy leaves is expected to improve photosynthesis of shaded lower canopy leaves with little impact on the rate of photosynthesis of upper canopy sunlit leaves.
“Regulation of photosystem II” is a term that covers how the quantum efficiency with which electron transport is initiated as PSII responds to environment. Non-photochemical quenching from the antenna plays a key role in this regulation and is thought to constrain the efficiency of PSII operation and by extension rate of photosynthesis as leaves continually transition from high to low light. Increasing the rate of relaxation of non-photochemical quenching during the transition from high to low light is expected to increase leaf and canopy photosynthesis integrated over days to the growing season.
“Stomatal conductance” refers to a measurement of the limitation that the stomatal pore imposes on CO 2 diffusion into, and H 2 O diffusion out of, the leaf. Decreasing stomatal conductance will decrease water loss from the leaf and crop canopy via transpiration. This will conserve soil water, delay the onset and reduce the severity of drought effects on canopy photosynthesis and other physiology.
“Yield” or “plant yield” refers to increased plant growth, increased crop growth, increased biomass, and/or increased plant product production (including grain), and is dependent to some extent on temperature, plant size, organ size, planting density, light, water and nutrient availability, and how the plant copes with various stresses, such as through temperature acclimation and water or nutrient use efficiency. Increased or improved yield may be measured as increased seed yield, increased plant product yield (plant products include, for example, plant tissue, including ground or otherwise broken-up plant tissue, and products derived from one or more types of plant tissue), or increased vegetative yield.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
Regulatory Polypeptides Modify Expression of Endogenous Genes
A regulatory polypeptide may include, but is not limited to, any polypeptide that can activate or repress transcription of a single gene or a number of genes. As one of ordinary skill in the art recognizes, regulatory polypeptides can be identified by the presence of a region or domain of structural similarity or identity to a specific consensus sequence or the presence of a specific consensus DNA-binding motif (see, for example, Riechmann et al., 2000a. supra). The plant regulatory polypeptides of the instant description belong to the MYB-(R1)R2R3 family (Shore and Sharrocks, 1995 . Eur. J. Biochem. 229:1-13; Ng and Yanofsky, 2001 . Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:186-195; Alvarez-Buylla et al., 2000 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:5328-5333) and are putative regulatory polypeptides.
Generally, regulatory polypeptides are involved in cell differentiation and proliferation and the regulation of growth. Accordingly, one skilled in the art would recognize that by expressing the present sequences in a plant, one may change the expression of autologous genes or induce the expression of introduced genes. By affecting the expression of similar autologous sequences in a plant that have the biological activity of the present sequences, or by introducing the present sequences into a plant, one may alter a plant's phenotype to one with improved traits related to photosynthetic resource use efficiency. The sequences of the instant description may also be used to transform a plant and introduce desirable traits not found in the wild-type cultivar or strain. Plants may then be selected for those that produce the most desirable degree of over- or under-expression of target genes of interest and coincident trait improvement.
The sequences of the present description may be from any species, particularly plant species, in a naturally occurring form or from any source whether natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic or recombinant. The sequences of the instant description may also include fragments of the present amino acid sequences. Where “amino acid sequence” is recited to refer to an amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, “amino acid sequence” and like terms are not meant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete native amino acid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.
In addition to methods for modifying a plant phenotype by employing one or more polynucleotides and polypeptides of the instant description described herein, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the instant description have a variety of additional uses. These uses include their use in the recombinant production (i.e., expression) of proteins; as regulators of plant gene expression, as diagnostic probes for the presence of complementary or partially complementary nucleic acids (including for detection of natural coding nucleic acids); as substrates for further reactions, e.g., mutation reactions, PCR reactions, or the like; as substrates for cloning e.g., including digestion or ligation reactions; and for identifying exogenous or endogenous modulators of the regulatory polypeptides. The polynucleotide can be, e.g., genomic DNA or RNA, a transcript (such as an mRNA), a cDNA, a PCR product, a cloned DNA, a synthetic DNA or RNA, or the like. The polynucleotide can comprise a sequence in either sense or antisense orientations.
Expression of genes that encode polypeptides that modify expression of endogenous genes, polynucleotides, and proteins are well known in the art. In addition, transgenic plants comprising polynucleotides encoding regulatory polypeptides may also modify expression of endogenous genes, polynucleotides, and proteins. Examples include Peng et al., 1997 . Genes Development 11: 3194-3205, and Peng et al., 1999 . Nature 400: 256-261. In addition, many others have demonstrated that an Arabidopsis regulatory polypeptide expressed in an exogenous plant species elicits the same or very similar phenotypic response. See, for example, Fu et al., 2001 . Plant Cell 13: 1791-1802; Nandi et al., 2000 . Curr. Biol. 10: 215-218; Coupland, 1995 . Nature 377: 482-483; and Weigel and Nilsson, 1995 . Nature 377: 482-500).
In another example, Mandel et al., 1992b. Cell 71-133-143, and Suzuki et al., 2001 . Plant J. 28: 409-418, teach that a transcription factor expressed in another plant species elicits the same or very similar phenotypic response of the endogenous sequence, as often predicted in earlier studies of Arabidopsis transcription factors in Arabidopsis (see Mandel et al., 1992a. Nature 360: 273-277; Suzuki et al., 2001. supra). Other examples include Muller et al., 2001 . Plant J. 28: 169-179; Kim et al., 2001 . Plant J. 25: 247-259; Kyozuka and Shimamoto, 2002 . Plant Cell Physiol. 43: 130-135; Boss and Thomas, 2002 . Nature, 416: 847-850; He et al., 2000 . Transgenic Res. 9: 223-227; and Robson et al., 2001 . Plant J. 28: 619-631.
In yet another example, Gilmour et al., 1998 . Plant J. 16: 433-442 teach an Arabidopsis AP2 transcription factor, CBF1, which, when overexpressed in transgenic plants, increases plant freezing tolerance. Jaglo et al., 2001 . Plant Physiol. 127: 910-917, further identified sequences in Brassica napus which encode CBF-like genes and that transcripts for these genes accumulated rapidly in response to low temperature. Transcripts encoding CBF proteins were also found to accumulate rapidly in response to low temperature in wheat, as well as in tomato. An alignment of the CBF proteins from Arabidopsis, B. napus , wheat, rye, and tomato revealed the presence of conserved consecutive amino acid residues which bracket the AP2/EREBP DNA binding domains of the proteins and distinguish them from other members of the AP2/EREBP protein family (Jaglo et al., 2001. supra).
Regulatory polypeptides mediate cellular responses and control traits through altered expression of genes containing cis-acting nucleotide sequences that are targets of the introduced regulatory polypeptide. It is well appreciated in the art that the effect of a regulatory polypeptide on cellular responses or a cellular trait is determined by the particular genes whose expression is either directly or indirectly (e.g., by a cascade of regulatory polypeptide binding events and transcriptional changes) altered by regulatory polypeptide binding. In a global analysis of transcription comparing a standard condition with one in which a regulatory polypeptide is overexpressed, the resulting transcript profile associated with regulatory polypeptide overexpression is related to the trait or cellular process controlled by that regulatory polypeptide. For example, the PAP2 gene and other genes in the Myb family have been shown to control anthocyanin biosynthesis through regulation of the expression of genes known to be involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (Bruce et al., 2000 . Plant Cell 12: 65-79; and Borevitz et al., 2000 . Plant Cell 12: 2383-2393). Further, global transcript profiles have been used successfully as diagnostic tools for specific cellular states (e.g., cancerous vs. non-cancerous; Bhattacharjee et al., 2001 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 13790-13795; and Xu et al., 2001 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 15089-15094). Consequently, it is evident to one skilled in the art that similarity of transcript profile upon overexpression of different regulatory polypeptides would indicate similarity of regulatory polypeptide function.
Polypeptides and Polynucleotides of the Present Description.
The present description includes putative regulatory polypeptides, and isolated or recombinant polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides, or novel sequence variant polypeptides or polynucleotides encoding novel variants of polypeptides derived from the specific sequences provided in the Sequence Listing; the recombinant polynucleotides of the instant description may be incorporated in expression vectors for the purpose of producing transformed plants.
Because of their relatedness at the nucleotide level, the claimed sequences will typically share at least about 40% nucleotide sequence identity, or at least 45% identity, at least 50%, at least 51%, at least 52%, at least 53%, at least 54%, at least 55%, at least 56%, at least 57%, at least 58%, at least 59%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95% or at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or about 100% sequence identity to one or more of the listed full-length sequences, or to a listed sequence but excluding or outside of the region(s) encoding a known consensus sequence or consensus DNA-binding site, or outside of the region(s) encoding one or all conserved domains. The degeneracy of the genetic code enables major variations in the nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide while maintaining the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein.
Because of their relatedness at the protein level, the claimed nucleotide sequences will typically encode a polypeptide that is at least 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 90%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%, or about 100% identical, in its amino acid sequence to the entire length of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2n where n=1-17.
Also provided are methods for modifying yield from a plant by modifying the mass, size or number of plant organs or seed of a plant by controlling a number of cellular processes, and for increasing a plant's photosynthetic resource use efficiency. These methods are based on the ability to alter the expression of critical regulatory molecules that may be conserved between diverse plant species. Related conserved regulatory molecules may be originally discovered in a model system such as Arabidopsis and homologous, functional molecules then discovered in other plant species. The latter may then be used to confer increased yield or photosynthetic resource use efficiency in diverse plant species.
Sequences in the Sequence Listing, derived from diverse plant species, may be ectopically expressed in overexpressor plants. The changes in the characteristic(s) or trait(s) of the plants may then be observed and found to confer increased yield and/or increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency. Therefore, the polynucleotides and polypeptides can be used to improve desirable characteristics of plants.
The polynucleotides of the instant description are also ectopically expressed in overexpressor plant cells and the changes in the expression levels of a number of genes, polynucleotides, and/or proteins of the plant cells observed. Therefore, the polynucleotides and polypeptides can be used to change expression levels of genes, polynucleotides, and/or proteins of plants or plant cells.
The data presented herein represent the results obtained in experiments with polynucleotides and polypeptides that may be expressed in plants for the purpose of increasing yield that arises from improved photosynthetic resource use efficiency.
Variants of the Disclosed Sequences.
Also within the scope of the instant description is a variant of a nucleic acid listed in the Sequence Listing, that is, one having a sequence that differs from the one of the polynucleotide sequences in the Sequence Listing, or a complementary sequence, that encodes a functionally equivalent polypeptide (i.e., a polypeptide having some degree of equivalent or similar biological activity) but differs in sequence from the sequence in the Sequence Listing, due to degeneracy in the genetic code. Included within this definition are polymorphisms that may or may not be readily detectable using a particular oligonucleotide probe of the polynucleotide encoding polypeptide, and improper or unexpected hybridization to allelic variants, with a locus other than the normal chromosomal locus for the polynucleotide sequence encoding polypeptide.
Differences between presently disclosed polypeptides and polypeptide variants are limited so that the sequences of the former and the latter are closely similar overall and, in many regions, identical. Presently disclosed polypeptide sequences and similar polypeptide variants may differ in amino acid sequence by one or more substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations, which may be present in any combination. These differences may produce silent changes and result in a functionally equivalent polypeptides. Thus, it will be readily appreciated by those of skill in the art, that any of a variety of polynucleotide sequences is capable of encoding the polypeptides and homolog polypeptides of the instant description. A polypeptide sequence variant may have “conservative” changes, wherein a substituted amino acid has similar structural or chemical properties.
Conservative substitutions include substitutions in which at least one residue in the amino acid sequence has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place. Such substitutions generally are made in accordance with the Table 1 when it is desired to maintain the activity of the protein. Table 1 shows amino acids which can be substituted for an amino acid in a protein and which are typically regarded as conservative substitutions.





TABLE 1



Possible conservative amino acid substitutions








Amino Acid
Conservative
Amino Acid
Conservative


Residue
substitutions
Residue
substitutions





Ala
Ser
Leu
Ile; Val


Arg
Lys
Lys
Arg; Gln


Asn
Gln; His
Met
Leu; Ile


Asp
Glu
Phe
Met; Leu; Tyr


Gln
Asn
Pro
Gly


Cys
Ser
Ser
Thr; Gly


Glu
Asp
Thr
Ser; Val


Gly
Pro
Trp
Tyr


His
Asn; Gln
Tyr
Trp; Phe


Ile
Leu, Val
Val
Ile; Leu
































The polypeptides provided in the Sequence Listing have a novel activity, such as, for example, regulatory activity. Although all conservative amino acid substitutions (for example, one basic amino acid substituted for another basic amino acid) in a polypeptide will not necessarily result in the polypeptide retaining its activity, it is expected that many of these conservative mutations would result in the polypeptide retaining its activity. Most mutations, conservative or non-conservative, made to a protein but outside of a conserved domain required for function and protein activity will not affect the activity of the protein to any great extent.
Deliberate amino acid substitutions may thus be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues, as long as a significant amount of the functional or biological activity of the polypeptide is retained. For example, negatively charged amino acids may include aspartic acid and glutamic acid, positively charged amino acids may include lysine and arginine, and amino acids with uncharged polar head groups having similar hydrophilicity values may include leucine, isoleucine, and valine; glycine and alanine; asparagine and glutamine; serine and threonine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine. More rarely, a variant may have “non-conservative” changes, e.g., replacement of a glycine with a tryptophan. Similar minor variations may also include amino acid deletions or insertions, or both. Related polypeptides may comprise, for example, additions and/or deletions of one or more N-linked or O-linked glycosylation sites, or an addition and/or a deletion of one or more cysteine residues. Guidance in determining which and how many amino acid residues may be substituted, inserted or deleted without abolishing functional or biological activity may be found using computer programs well known in the art, for example, DNASTAR software (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,544).
Conserved Domains
Conserved domains are recurring functional and/or structural units of a protein sequence within a protein family (for example, a family of regulatory proteins), and distinct conserved domains have been used as building blocks in molecular evolution and recombined in various arrangements to make proteins of different protein families with different functions. Conserved domains often correspond to the 3-dimensional domains of proteins and contain conserved sequence patterns or motifs, which allow for their detection in polypeptide sequences with, for example, the use of a Conserved Domain Database (for example, at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd). The National Center for Biotechnology Information Conserved Domain Database defines conserved domains as recurring units in molecular evolution, the extents of which can be determined by sequence and structure analysis. Conserved domains contain conserved sequence patterns or motifs, which allow for their detection in polypeptide sequences (Conserved Domain Database; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cdd.shtml). A “conserved domain” or “conserved region” as used herein refers to a region in heterologous polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences where there is a relatively high degree of sequence identity between the distinct sequences. A ‘Myb DNA binding domain 1’ is an example of a conserved domain.
Conserved domains may also be identified as regions or domains of identity to a specific consensus sequence (see, for example, Riechmann et al., 2000a. Science 290, 2105-2110; Riechmann et al., 2000b. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3: 423-434). Thus, by using alignment methods well known in the art, the conserved domains of the plant polypeptides, for example, for the first or second Myb DNA binding domain proteins may be determined. The polypeptides of Tables 2 or 3 have conserved domains specifically indicated by amino acid coordinate start and stop sites. A comparison of the regions of these polypeptides allows one of skill in the art (see, for example, Reeves and Nissen, 1990 . J. Biol. Chem. 265, 8573-8582; Reeves and Nissen, 1995 . Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 1: 339-349) to identify domains or conserved domains for any of the polypeptides listed or referred to in this disclosure.
Conserved domain models are generally identified with multiple sequence alignments of related proteins spanning a variety of organisms (for example, conserved domains of the disclosed sequences can be found in FIG. 2B-FIG . 2 D. These alignments reveal sequence regions containing the same, or similar, patterns of amino acids. Multiple sequence alignments, three-dimensional structure and three-dimensional structure superposition of conserved domains can be used to infer sequence, structure, and functional relationships (Conserved Domain Database, supra). Since the presence of a particular conserved domain within a polypeptide is highly correlated with an evolutionarily conserved function, a conserved domain database may be used to identify the amino acids in a protein sequence that are putatively involved in functions such as binding or catalysis, as mapped from conserved domain annotations to the query sequence. For example, the presence in a protein of a first or second Myb DNA binding domain that is structurally and phylogenetically similar to one or more domains shown in Tables 2 or 3 would be a strong indicator of a related function in plants (e.g., the function of regulating and/or improving photosynthetic resource use efficiency, yield, size, biomass, and/or vigor; i.e., a polypeptide with such a domain is expected to confer altered photosynthetic resource use efficiency, yield, size, biomass, and/or vigor when its expression level is altered). Sequences herein referred to as functionally-related and/or closely-related to the sequences or domains listed in Tables 2 or 3, including polypeptides that are closely related to the polypeptides of the instant description, may have conserved domains that share at least at least nine base pairs (bp) in length and at least 72% increasing by increments of 1% to about 100% amino acid sequence identity to the sequences provided in the Sequence Listing or in Tables 2 or 3, and have similar functions in that the polypeptides of the instant description. Said polypeptides may, when their expression level is altered by suppressing their expression, knocking out their expression, or increasing their expression, confer at least one regulatory activity selected from the group consisting of increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency, greater yield, greater size, greater biomass, and/or greater vigor as compared to a control plant.
Methods using manual alignment of sequences similar or homologous to one or more polynucleotide sequences or one or more polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotide sequences may be used to identify regions of similarity and first or second Myb DNA binding domains. Such manual methods are well-known of those of skill in the art and can include, for example, comparisons of tertiary structure between a polypeptide sequence encoded by a polynucleotide that comprises a known function and a polypeptide sequence encoded by a polynucleotide sequence that has a function not yet determined. Such examples of tertiary structure may comprise predicted alpha helices, beta-sheets, amphipathic helices, leucine zipper motifs, zinc finger motifs, proline-rich regions, cysteine repeat motifs, and the like.
With respect to polynucleotides encoding presently disclosed polypeptides, a conserved domain refers to a subsequence within a polypeptide family the presence of which is correlated with at least one function exhibited by members of the polypeptide family, and which exhibits a high degree of sequence homology, such as at least 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% or 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or about 100% identity to a conserved domain of a polypeptide of the Sequence Listing (e.g., any of SEQ ID NOs: 61-132) or listed in Tables 2 or 3. Sequences that possess or encode for conserved domains that meet these criteria of percentage identity, and that have comparable biological and regulatory activity to the present polypeptide sequences, thus being members of the MYB19 clade polypeptides or sequences in the MYB19 clade, are described. Sequences having lesser degrees of identity but comparable biological activity are considered to be equivalents.
Orthologs and Paralogs.
Homologous sequences as described above can comprise orthologous or paralogous sequences. Several different methods are known by those of skill in the art for identifying and defining these functionally homologous sequences. General methods for identifying orthologs and paralogs, including phylogenetic methods, sequence similarity and hybridization methods, are described herein; an ortholog or paralog, including equivalogs, may be identified by one or more of the methods described below.
As described by Eisen, 1998 . Genome Res. 8: 163-167, evolutionary information may be used to predict gene function. It is common for groups of genes that are homologous in sequence to have diverse, although usually related, functions. However, in many cases, the identification of homologs is not sufficient to make specific predictions because not all homologs have the same function. Thus, an initial analysis of functional relatedness based on sequence similarity alone may not provide one with a means to determine where similarity ends and functional relatedness begins. Fortunately, it is well known in the art that protein function can be classified using phylogenetic analysis of gene trees combined with the corresponding species. Functional predictions can be greatly improved by focusing on how the genes became similar in sequence (i.e., by evolutionary processes) rather than on the sequence similarity itself (Eisen, supra). In fact, many specific examples exist in which gene function has been shown to correlate well with gene phylogeny (Eisen, supra). Thus, “[t]he first step in making functional predictions is the generation of a phylogenetic tree representing the evolutionary history of the gene of interest and its homologs. Such trees are distinct from clusters and other means of characterizing sequence similarity because they are inferred by techniques that help convert patterns of similarity into evolutionary relationships . . . . After the gene tree is inferred, biologically determined functions of the various homologs are overlaid onto the tree. Finally, the structure of the tree and the relative phylogenetic positions of genes of different functions are used to trace the history of functional changes, which is then used to predict functions of [as yet] uncharacterized genes” (Eisen, supra).
Within a single plant species, gene duplication may cause two copies of a particular gene, giving rise to two or more genes with similar sequence and often similar function known as paralogs. A paralog is therefore a similar gene formed by duplication within the same species. Paralogs typically cluster together or in the same clade (a group of similar genes) when a gene family phylogeny is analyzed using programs such as CLUSTAL (Thompson et al., 1994 . Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 4673-4680; Higgins et al., 1996 . Methods Enzymol. 266: 383-402). Groups of similar genes can also be identified with pair-wise BLAST analysis (Feng and Doolittle, 1987 . J. Mol. Evol. 25: 351-360). For example, a clade of very similar MADS domain transcription factors from Arabidopsis all share a common function in flowering time (Ratcliffe et al., 2001 . Plant Physiol. 126: 122-132), and a group of very similar AP2 domain transcription factors from Arabidopsis are involved in tolerance of plants to freezing (Gilmour et al., 1998. supra). Analysis of groups of similar genes with similar function that fall within one clade can yield sub-sequences that are particular to the clade. These sub-sequences, known as consensus sequences, can not only be used to define the sequences within each clade, but define the functions of these genes; genes within a clade may contain paralogous sequences, or orthologous sequences that share the same function (see also, for example, Mount, 2001, in Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., p. 543)
Regulatory polypeptide gene sequences are conserved across diverse eukaryotic species lines (Goodrich et al., 1993 . Cell 75:519-530; Lin et al., 1991 . Nature 353:569-571; Sadowski et al., 1988 . Nature 335: 563-564). Plants are no exception to this observation; diverse plant species possess regulatory polypeptides that have similar sequences and functions. Speciation, the production of new species from a parental species, gives rise to two or more genes with similar sequence and similar function. These genes, termed orthologs, often have an identical function within their host plants and are often interchangeable between species without losing function. Because plants have common ancestors, many genes in any plant species will have a corresponding orthologous gene in another plant species. Once a phylogenic tree for a gene family of one species has been constructed using a program such as CLUSTAL (Thompson et al., 1994. supra; Higgins et al., 1996. supra) potential orthologous sequences can be placed into the phylogenetic tree and their relationship to genes from the species of interest can be determined. Orthologous sequences can also be identified by a reciprocal BLAST strategy. Once an orthologous sequence has been identified, the function of the ortholog can be deduced from the identified function of the reference sequence.
By using a phylogenetic analysis, one skilled in the art would recognize that the ability to deduce similar functions conferred by closely-related polypeptides is predictable. This predictability has been confirmed by our own many studies in which we have found that a wide variety of polypeptides have orthologous or closely-related homologous sequences that function as does the first, closely-related reference sequence. For example, distinct regulatory polypeptides, including:
(i) AP2 family Arabidopsis G47 (found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,616), a phylogenetically-related sequence from soybean, and two phylogenetically-related homologs from rice all can confer greater tolerance to drought, hyperosmotic stress, or delayed flowering as compared to control plants;
(ii) CAAT family Arabidopsis G481 (found in PCT patent publication WO2004076638), and numerous phylogenetically-related sequences from eudicots and monocots can confer greater tolerance to drought-related stress as compared to control plants;
(iii) Myb-related Arabidopsis G682 (found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,223,904 and 7,193,129) and numerous phylogenetically-related sequences from eudicots and monocots can confer greater tolerance to heat, drought-related stress, cold, and salt as compared to control plants;
(iv) WRKY family Arabidopsis G1274 (found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,196,245) and numerous closely-related sequences from eudicots and monocots have been shown to confer increased water deprivation tolerance, and
(v) AT-hook family soy sequence G3456 (found in US patent publication 20040128712A1) and numerous phylogenetically-related sequences from eudicots and monocots, increased biomass compared to control plants when these sequences are overexpressed in plants.
The polypeptides sequences belong to distinct clades of polypeptides that include members from diverse species. In each case, most or all of the clade member sequences derived from both eudicots and monocots have been shown to confer increased yield or tolerance to one or more abiotic stresses when the sequences were overexpressed. These studies each demonstrate that evolutionarily conserved genes from diverse species are likely to function similarly (i.e., by regulating similar target sequences and controlling the same traits), and that polynucleotides from one species may be transformed into closely-related or distantly-related plant species to confer or improve traits.
Orthologs and paralogs of presently disclosed polypeptides may be cloned using compositions provided by the present description according to methods well known in the art. cDNAs can be cloned using mRNA from a plant cell or tissue that expresses one of the present sequences. Appropriate mRNA sources may be identified by interrogating Northern blots with probes designed from the present sequences, after which a library is prepared from the mRNA obtained from a positive cell or tissue. Polypeptide-encoding cDNA is then isolated using, for example, PCR, using primers designed from a presently disclosed gene sequence, or by probing with a partial or complete cDNA or with one or more sets of degenerate probes based on the disclosed sequences. The cDNA library may be used to transform plant cells. Expression of the cDNAs of interest is detected using, for example, microarrays, Northern blots, quantitative PCR, or any other technique for monitoring changes in expression. Genomic clones may be isolated using similar techniques to those.
Examples of orthologs of the Arabidopsis polypeptide sequences and their functionally similar orthologs are listed in Tables 2 or 3 and the Sequence Listing. In addition to the sequences in Tables 2 or 3 and the Sequence Listing, the claimed nucleotide sequences are phylogenetically and structurally similar to sequences listed in the Sequence Listing and can function in a plant by increasing photosynthetic resource use efficiency and/or and increasing yield, vigor, or biomass when ectopically expressed, or overexpressed, in a plant. Since a significant number of these sequences are phylogenetically and sequentially related to each other and may be shown to increase yield from a plant and/or photosynthetic resource use efficiency, one skilled in the art would predict that other similar, phylogenetically related sequences falling within the present clades of polypeptides, including MYB19 clade polypeptide sequences, would also perform similar functions when ectopically expressed.
Background Information for MYB19, and the MYB19 Clade.
A number of phylogenetic ally-related sequences have been found in other plant species. Tables 2 and 3 list a number of MYB19 clade sequences from diverse species. The tables include the SEQ ID NO: (Column 1), the species from which the sequence was derived and the Gene Identifier (“GID”; Column 2), the percent identity of the polypeptide in Column 1 to the full length MYB19 polypeptide, SEQ ID NO: 2, as determined by a BLASTp analysis, for example, with a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (Henikoff and Henikoff, 1989 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915; Henikoff and Henikoff, 1991 . Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 6565-6572) (Column 3), the amino acid residue coordinates for the conserved first or second Myb DNA binding domains in amino acid coordinates beginning at the N-terminus, of each of the sequences (Column 4), the conserved first or second Myb DNA binding domain sequences of the respective polypeptides (Column 5); the SEQ ID NO: of each of the first or second Myb DNA binding domains (Column 6), and the percentage identity of the conserved domain in Column 5 to the conserved domain of the Arabidopsis MYB19 sequence, SEQ ID NO: 2 (as determined by a BLASTp analysis, wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix, and with the proportion of identical amino acids in parentheses; Column 7).





TABLE 2



Conserved ‘Myb DNA binding domain 1’ of MYB19 and

closely related sequences















Col. 7







Percent




Col. 4


identity



Col. 3
Myb DNA

Col. 6
of first



Percent
binding

SEQ ID
Myb domain

Col.

identity
domain 1
Col. 5
NO: of
in Col. 5

1

of poly-
in amino
Conserved
Myb DNA
to Myb

SEQ
Col. 2
peptide
acid
Myb DNA
binding
DNA binding

ID
Species/
in Col. 1
coordi-
binding
domain
domain 1 of

NO:
Identifier
to MYB19
nates
domain 1
1
MYB19



2
At/MYB19
100%
17-77
WSPEEDQKLKSFILSR
61
100% (61/61)


AT5G52260.1
(268/268)

GHACWTTVPILAGLQ







RNGKSCRLRWINYLR







PGLKRGSFSEEEEET





4
At/
60%
18-78
WSPEEDEKLRSFILSY
62
85% (52/61)


AT4G25560.1
(169/280)

GHSCWTTVPIKAGLQ







RNGKSCRLRWINYLR







PGLKRDMISAEEEET





6
Os/LOC_Os04g
48%
18-78
WSPEEDQKLRDFILRY
63
80% (49/61)


45020.1
(96/200)

GHGCWSAVPVKAGL







QRNGKSCRLRWINYL







RPGLKHGMFSREEEET





8
Bd/Bradi5g1667
53%
18-78
WSPEEDQKLRDYIIRY
64
78% (48/61)


2.1
(102/192)

GHSCWSTVPVKAGLQ







RNGKSCRLRWINYLR







PGLKHGMFSQEEEET





10
Zm/GRMZM2G
50%
18-78
WSPEEDQKLRDYILLH
65
77% (47/61)


170049_T01
(97/191)

GHGCWSALPAKAGLQ







RNGKSCRLRWINYLR







PGLKHGMFSPEEEET





12
Si/Si012304m
48%
23-83
WSPEEDEKLRDFILRY
66
77% (47/61)



(98/202)

GHGCWSALPAKAGLQ







RNGKSCRLRWINYLR







PGLKHGMFSREEEET





14
Cc/clementine0.
48%
15-75
WSPEEDQRLKNYVLQ
67
77% (47/61)


9_033485m
(115/237)

HGHPCWSSVPINAGL







QRNGKSCRLRWINYL







RPGLKRGVFNMQEEE







T





16
Pt/POPTR_001
50%
22-82
WSPEEDQRLRNYVLK
68
77% (47/61)


5s13190.1
(109/217)

HGHGCWSSVPINAGL







QRNGKSCRLRWINYL







RPGLKRGTFSAQEEET





18
Eg/EUCGR.K0
49%
18-78
WSPEEDQKLRNYVLK
69
76% (46/60)


0250.1
(107/217)

HGHGCWSSVPINTGL







QRNGKSCRLRWINYL







RPGLKRGMFTMEEEEI





20
Eg/EUCGR.K0
48%
18-78
WSPEEDQRLRNYILNH
70
75% (45/60)


0251.1
(110/226)

GHGYWSSVPINTGLQ







RNGKSCRLRWINYLR







PGLKRGMFTLEEEEI





22
Pt/POPTR_001
48%
18-78
WSPEEDQRLGSYVFQ
71
75% (46/61)


2s13260.1
(109/223)

HGHGCWSSVPINAGL







QRTGKSCRLRWINYL







RPGLKRGAFSTDEEET





24
Gm/Glyma16g3
48%
18-78
WSPEEDNKLRNHIIKH
72
75% (46/61)


1280.1
(116/238)

GHGCWSSVPIKAGLQ







RNGKSCRLRWINYLR







PGLKRGVFSKHEEDT





26
Gm/Glyma09g2
49%
18-78
WSPEEDNKLRNHIIKH
73
73% (45/61)


5590.1
(103/209)

GHGCWSSVPIKAGLQ







RNGKSCRLRWINYLR







PGLKRGVFSKHEKDT





28
Sl/Solyc03g025
40%
52-112
WSPDEDDRLKNYMIK
74
73% (44/60)


870.2.1
(115/283)

HGHGCWSSVPINAGL







QRNGKSCRLRWINYL







RPGLKRGAFSLEEEDI





30
Vv/GSVIVT010
42%
22-82
WSPEEDARLRNYVLK
75
72% (44/61)


28984001
(115/272)

YGLGCWSSVPVNAGL







QRNGKSCRLRWINYL







RPGLKRGMFTIEEEET





32
Eg/EUCGR.A0
51%
20-80
WSPDEDQRLRNYIHK
76
70% (44/61)


2796.1
(112/217)

HGYSCWSSVPINAGL







QRNGKSCRLRWINYL







RPGLKRGAFTVQEEET





34
At/AT3G48920.
51%)
19-79
WSPEEDEKLRSHVLK
77
69% (41-59)


1
(99/191)

YGHGCWSTIPLQAGL







QRNGKSCRLRWVNYL







RPGLKKSLFTKQEETI
























































































































TABLE 3



Conserved second Myb DNA binding domains of MYB19 and

closely related sequences















Col. 7







Percent




Col. 4


identity



Col. 3
Myb DNA


of second



Percent
binding

Col. 6
Myb domain

Col.

identity
domain 2
Col. 5
SEQ ID
in Col. 5

1

of poly-
in amino
Conserved
NO: of
to Myb

SEQ
Col. 2
peptide
acid
Myb DNA
second
DNA binding

ID
Species/
in Col. 1
coordi-
binding
Myb
domain 2 of

NO:
Identifier
to MYB19
nates
domain 2
domain
MYB19



2
At/MYB19
100%
70-112
FSEEEEETILTLHSSL
95
100% (43/43)


AT5G52260.1
(268/268)

GNKWSRIAKYLPGRT







DNEIKNYWHSYL





4
At/
60%
68-110
ISAEEEETILTFHSSLG
96
88% (37/42)


AT4G25560.1
(169/280)

NKWSQIAKFLPGRTD







NEIKNYWHSHL





6
Os/LOC_Os04g
48%
71-113
FSREEEETVMNLHAT
97
72% (31/43)


45020.1
(96/200)

MGNKWSQIARHLPG







RTDNEVKNYWNSYL





8
Bd/
53%
71-113
FSQEEEETVMSLHAT
98
76% (33/43)


Bradi5g16672.1
(102/192)

LGNKWSRIAQHLPGR







TDNEVKNYWNSYL





10
Zm/GRMZM2
50%
71-113
FSPEEEETVMSLHAT
99
76% (33/43)


G170049_T01
(97/191)

LGNKWSRIARHLPGR







TDNEVKNYWNSYL





12
Si/Si012304m
48%
71-113
FSREEEETVMSLHAK
100
74% (32/43)



(98/202)

LGNKWSQIARHLPGR







TDNEVKNYWNSYL





14
Cc/clementine0.
48%
75-117
FNMQEEETILTVHRL
101
76% (33/43)


9_033485m
(115/237)

LGNKWSQIAQHLPGR







TDNEIKNYWHSHL





16
Pt/POPTR_001
50%
75-117
FSAQEEETILALHHM
102
79% (34/43)


5s13190.1
(109/217)

LGNKWSQIAQHLPGR







TDNEIKNHWHSYL





18
Eg/EUCGR.K0
49%
71-113
FTMEEEEIIFSLHHLIG
103
74% (32/43)


0250.1
(107/217)

NKWSQIAKHLPGRTD







NEIKNHWHSYL





20
Eg/EUCGR.K0
48%
71-113
FTLEEEEIILSLHRLIG
104
76% (33/43)


0251.1
(110/226)

NKWSQIAKHLPGRTD







NEIKNHWHSYL





22
Pt/POPTR_001
48%
105-147
FSTDEEETILTLHRML
105
81% (35/43)


2s13260.1
(109/223)

GNKWSQIAQHLPGRT







DNEIKNHWHSYL





24
Gm/Glyma16g3
48%
71-113
FSKHEEDTIMVLHHM
106
76% (33/43)


1280.1
(116/238)

LGNKWSQIAQHLPGR







TDNEIKNYWHSYL





26
Gm/Glyma09g2
49%
71-113
FSKHEKDTIMALHH
107
72% (31/43)


5590.1
(103/209)

MLGNKWSQIAQHLP







GRTDNEVKNYWHSY







L





28
Sl/Solyc03g025
40%
72-114
FSLEEEDIILTLHAMF
108
76% (33/43)


870.2.1
(115/283)

GNKWSQIAQQLPGRT







DNEIKNHWHSYL





30
Vv/GSVIVT01
42%
73-115
FTIEEEETIMALHRLL
109
74% (32/43)


028984001
(115/272)

GNKWSQIAQNFPGRT







DNEIKNYWHSCL





32
Eg/EUCGR.A0
51%
71-113
FTVQEEETILNLHHLL
110
76% (33/43)


2796.1
(112/217)

GNKWSQIAQHLPGRT







DNEIKNHWHSYL





34
At/AT3G48920.
51%)
76-118
FTKQEETILLSLHSML
111
72% (31/43)


1
(99/191)

GNKWSQISKFLPGRT







DNEIKNYWHSNL



Species abbreviations for Tables 2 and 3: At- Arabidopsis thaliana ; Bd- Brachypodium distachyon ; Cc- Citrus x clementina ; Eg- Eucalyptus grandis ; Gm- Glycine max ; Os- Oryza sativa ; Pt- Populus trichocarp a; Si- Setaria italica ; Sl- Solanum lycopersicum ; Vv- Vitis vinifera ; Zm- Zea mays

































































































Sequences that are functionally-related and/or closely-related to the polypeptides in Tables 2 and 3 may be created artificially, semi-synthetically, or may occur naturally by having descended from the same ancestral sequence as the disclosed MYB19-related sequences, where the polypeptides have the function of conferring increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency to plants. These “functionally-related and/or closely-related” MYB19 clade polypeptides generally contain the consensus sequence of the Myb DNA binding domain 1 of SEQ ID NO: 129:
WSPX 1 EDxxLxxxX 2 xxxGxxxWX 3 x X 2 PxxxGLQRxGKSCRLRWX 2 NYLRPGLKxxxxxxxE;

where x represents any amino acid;

X 1 is D or E;
X 2 is I, V, L or M;
and X 3 represents S or T;

as provided in FIG. 2B-2C .

Other highly conserved residues found in the Myb DNA binding domain 2 of MYB19 clade members, as shown in FIG. 2C-2D and SEQ ID NO: 130:
ExxxX 1 xxxHxxxGNKWSxIX 2 xxxPGRTDNEX 1 KNxWxSxL

where x represents any amino acid;

X 1 is I, V, L or M; and
X 2 represents A or S.
There is also a small motif that is present in MYB19 clade member proteins, identifiable as SEQ ID NO: 160 and that can be located spanning FIGS. 2E-2F :
PxFxX 1 W
where x represents any amino acid; and
X 1 is D or E.
The presence of one or more of these consensus sequences and/or these amino acid residues is correlated with conferring of improved or increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency to a plant when the expression level of the polypeptide is altered in a plant by being reduced, knocked-out, or overexpressed. A MYB19 clade polypeptide sequence that is “functionally-related and/or closely-related” to the listed full length protein sequences or domains provided in Tables 2 or 3 may also have at least 40%, 42%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 53%, 60%, or about 100% amino acid identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or to SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, and/or at least 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or about 100% amino acid identity to the first Myb DNA binding domain of SEQ ID NO: 2, or to a listed first Myb DNA binding domain or to SEQ ID NOs: 61-77, and/or 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or about 100% amino acid identity to a listed second Myb DNA binding domain or to the second Myb DNA binding domain of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NOs: 95-111, or to an amino acid sequence having at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95% or at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or about 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 129-132. The presence of the disclosed conserved first Myb DNA binding domains and/or second Myb DNA binding domains in the polypeptide sequence (for example, SEQ ID NO: 61-77 or 95-111), is correlated with the conferring of improved or increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency to a plant when the expression level of the polypeptide is altered in a plant by being reduced, knocked-out, or overexpressed. All of the sequences that adhere to these functional and sequential relationships are herein referred to as “MYB19 clade polypeptides” or “MYB19 clade polypeptides”, or which fall within the “MYB19 clade” or “G1309 clade” exemplified in the tree in FIG. 1 as those polypeptides bounded by LOC_Os04g45020.1 and Solyc03g025870.2.1 (indicated by the box around these sequences).
Examples of Methods for Identifying Identity, Similarity, Homology and Relatedness
Percent identity can be determined electronically, e.g., by using the MEGALIGN program (DNASTAR, Inc. Madison, Wis.) or the Accelrys. The MEGALIGN program can create alignments between two or more sequences according to different methods, for example, the clustal method (see, for example, Higgins and Sharp, 1988 . Gene 73: 237-244). The clustal algorithm groups sequences into clusters by examining the distances between all pairs. The clusters are aligned pairwise and then in groups. Other alignment algorithms or programs may be used for preparing alignments and/or determining percentage identities, including Accelrys Gene, FASTA, BLAST, or ENTREZ, FASTA and BLAST, some of which may also be used to calculate percent similarity. Accelrys Gene is available from Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, Calif. Other programs are available as a part of the GCG sequence analysis package (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), and can be used with or without default settings. ENTREZ is available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. In one embodiment, the percent identity of two sequences can be determined by the GCG program with a gap weight of 1, e.g., each amino acid gap is weighted as if it were a single amino acid or nucleotide mismatch between the two sequences (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,333).
Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available, e.g., through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (see internet website at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul, 1990 . J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410; Altschul, 1993 . J. Mol. Evol. 36: 290-300). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff and Henikoff, 1989. supra; Henikoff and Henikoff, 1991. supra). Unless otherwise indicated for comparisons of predicted polynucleotides, “sequence identity” refers to the % sequence identity generated from a tBLASTx using the NCBI version of the algorithm at the default settings using gapped alignments with the filter “off” (see, for example, internet website at www.ncbi.nlm nih gov).
Other techniques for alignment are described by Doolittle, ed., 1996 . Methods in Enzymology, vol. 266: “Computer Methods for Macromolecular Sequence Analysis” Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., USA. Preferably, an alignment program that permits gaps in the sequence is utilized to align the sequences. The Smith-Waterman is one type of algorithm that permits gaps in sequence alignments (see Shpaer, 1997 . Methods Mol. Biol. 70: 173-187). Also, the GAP program using the Needleman and Wunsch alignment method can be utilized to align sequences. An alternative search strategy uses MPSRCH software, which runs on a MASPAR computer. MPSRCH uses a Smith-Waterman algorithm to score sequences on a massively parallel computer. This approach improves ability to pick up distantly related matches, and is especially tolerant of small gaps and nucleotide sequence errors. Nucleic acid-encoded amino acid sequences can be used to search both protein and DNA databases.
The percentage similarity between two polypeptide sequences, e.g., sequence A and sequence B, is calculated by dividing the length of sequence A, minus the number of gap residues in sequence A, minus the number of gap residues in sequence B, into the sum of the residue matches between sequence A and sequence B, times one hundred. Gaps of low or of no similarity between the two amino acid sequences are not included in determining percentage similarity. Percent identity between polynucleotide sequences can also be counted or calculated by other methods known in the art, e.g., the Jotun Hein method (see, for example, Hein, 1990 . Methods Enzymol. 183: 626-645). Identity between sequences can also be determined by other methods known in the art, e.g., by varying hybridization conditions (see US Patent Application No. 20010010913).
The percent identity between two polypeptide sequences can also be determined using Accelrys Gene v 2.5, 2006. with default parameters: Pairwise Matrix: GONNET; Align Speed: Slow; Open Gap Penalty: 10.000; Extended Gap Penalty: 0.100; Multiple Matrix: GONNET; Multiple Open Gap Penalty: 10.000; Multiple Extended Gap Penalty: 0.05; Delay Divergent: 30; Gap Separation Distance: 8; End Gap Separation: false; Residue Specific Penalties: false; Hydrophilic Penalties: false; Hydrophilic Residues: GPSNDQEKR. The default parameters for determining percent identity between two polynucleotide sequences using Accelrys Gene are: Align Speed: Slow; Open Gap Penalty: 10.000; Extended Gap Penalty: 5.000; Multiple Open Gap Penalty: 10.000; Multiple Extended Gap Penalty: 5.000; Delay Divergent: 40; Transition: Weighted.
In addition, one or more polynucleotide sequences or one or more polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotide sequences may be used to search against a BLOCKS (Bairoch et al., 1997 . Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 217-221), PFAM, and other databases which contain previously identified and annotated motifs, sequences and gene functions. Methods that search for primary sequence patterns with secondary structure gap penalties (Smith et al., 1992 . Protein Engineering 5: 35-51) as well as algorithms such as Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST; Altschul, 1990. supra; Altschul et al., 1993. supra), BLOCKS (Henikoff and Henikoff, 1991 supra), Hidden Markov Models (HMM; Eddy, 1996 . Curr. Opin. Str. Biol. 6: 361-365; Sonnhammer et al., 1997. Proteins 28: 405-420), and the like, can be used to manipulate and analyze polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences encoded by polynucleotides. These databases, algorithms and other methods are well known in the art and are described in Ausubel et al., 1997 . Short Protocols in Molecular Biology , John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., unit 7.7, and in Meyers, 1995 . Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Wiley VCH, New York, N.Y., p 856-853.
Thus, the instant description provides methods for identifying a sequence similar or paralogous or orthologous or homologous to one or more polynucleotides as noted herein, or one or more target polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides, or otherwise noted herein and may include linking or associating a given plant phenotype or gene function with a sequence. In the methods, a sequence database is provided (locally or across an internet or intranet) and a query is made against the sequence database using the relevant sequences herein and associated plant phenotypes or gene functions.
A further method for identifying or confirming that specific homologous sequences control the same function is by comparison of the transcript profile(s) obtained upon overexpression or knockout of two or more related polypeptides. Since transcript profiles are diagnostic for specific cellular states, one skilled in the art will appreciate that genes that have a highly similar transcript profile (e.g., with greater than 50% regulated transcripts in common, or with greater than 70% regulated transcripts in common, or with greater than 90% regulated transcripts in common) will have highly similar functions. Fowler and Thomashow, 2002 . Plant Cell 14, 1675-1690, have shown that three paralogous AP2 family genes (CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3) are induced upon cold treatment, each of which can condition improved freezing tolerance, and all have highly similar transcript profiles. Once a polypeptide has been shown to provide a specific function, its transcript profile becomes a diagnostic tool to determine whether paralogs or orthologs have the same function.
Identifying Polynucleotides or Nucleic Acids by Hybridization.
Polynucleotides homologous to the sequences illustrated in the Sequence Listing and tables can be identified, e.g., by hybridization to each other under stringent or under highly stringent conditions. Stringency is influenced by a variety of factors, including temperature, salt concentration and composition, organic and non-organic additives, solvents, etc. present in both the hybridization and wash solutions and incubations, and the number of washes, as described in more detail in the references cited below (e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989. supra; Berger and Kimmel, eds., 1987 . Methods Enzymol. 152: 507-511; Anderson and Young, 1985. “Quantitative Filter Hybridisation”, In: Hames and Higgins, ed., Nucleic Acid Hybridisation, A Practical Approach . Oxford, IRL Press, 73-111), each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Conditions that are highly stringent, and means for achieving them, are also well known in the art and described in, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989. supra; Berger and Kimmel, eds., 1987 . Meth. Enzymol. 152:467-469; and Anderson and Young, 1985. supra.
Also provided in the instant description are polynucleotide sequences that are capable of hybridizing to the claimed polynucleotide sequences, including any of the polynucleotides within the Sequence Listing, and fragments thereof under various conditions of stringency (see, for example, Wahl and Berger, 1987 . Methods Enzymol. 152: 399-407; Berger and Kimmel, ed., 1987 . Methods Enzymol. 152:507-511). In addition to the nucleotide sequences listed in the Sequence Listing, full length cDNA, orthologs, and paralogs of the present nucleotide sequences may be identified and isolated using well-known methods. The cDNA libraries, orthologs, and paralogs of the present nucleotide sequences may be screened using hybridization methods to determine their utility as hybridization target or amplification probes.
Stability of DNA duplexes is affected by such factors as base composition, length, and degree of base pair mismatch. Hybridization conditions may be adjusted to allow DNAs of different sequence relatedness to hybridize. The melting temperature (T m ) is defined as the temperature when 50% of the duplex molecules have dissociated into their constituent single strands. The melting temperature of a perfectly matched duplex, where the hybridization buffer contains formamide as a denaturing agent, may be estimated by the following equations:
(I) DNA-DNA:
T m (° C.)=81.5+16.6(log [Na+])+0.41(% G+C )−0.62(% formamide)−500 /L

(II) DNA-RNA:
T m (° C.)=79.8+18.5(log [Na+])+0.58(% G+C )+0.12(% G+C ) 2 −0.5(% formamide)−820 /L

(III) RNA-RNA:
T m (° C.)=79.8+18.5(log [Na+])+0.58(% G+C )+0.12(% G+C ) 2 −0.35(% formamide)−820 /L

where L is the length of the duplex formed, [Na+] is the molar concentration of the sodium ion in the hybridization or washing solution, and % G+C is the percentage of (guanine+cytosine) bases in the hybrid. For imperfectly matched hybrids, approximately 1° C. is required to reduce the melting temperature for each 1% mismatch.
Hybridization experiments are generally conducted in a buffer of pH between 6.8 to 7.4, although the rate of hybridization is nearly independent of pH at ionic strengths likely to be used in the hybridization buffer (Anderson and Young, 1985. supra). In addition, one or more of the following may be used to reduce non-specific hybridization: sonicated salmon sperm DNA or another non-complementary DNA, bovine serum albumin, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, ficoll and Denhardt's solution. Dextran sulfate and polyethylene glycol 6000 act to exclude DNA from solution, thus raising the effective probe DNA concentration and the hybridization signal within a given unit of time. In some instances, conditions of even greater stringency may be desirable or required to reduce non-specific and/or background hybridization. These conditions may be created with the use of higher temperature, lower ionic strength and higher concentration of a denaturing agent such as formamide.
Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms, or to highly similar fragments such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely related organisms. The stringency can be adjusted either during the hybridization step or in the post-hybridization washes. Salt concentration, formamide concentration, hybridization temperature and probe lengths are variables that can be used to alter stringency (as described by the formula above). As a general guideline, high stringency is typically performed at T m −5° C. to T m −20° C., moderate stringency at T m −20° C. to T m −35° C. and low stringency at T m −35° C. to T m −50° C. for duplex >150 base pairs. Hybridization may be performed at low to moderate stringency (25-50° C. below T m ), followed by post-hybridization washes at increasing stringencies. Maximum rates of hybridization in solution are determined empirically to occur at T m −25° C. for DNA-DNA duplex and T m −15° C. for RNA-DNA duplex. Optionally, the degree of dissociation may be assessed after each wash step to determine the need for subsequent, higher stringency wash steps.
High stringency conditions may be used to select for nucleic acid sequences with high degrees of identity to the disclosed sequences. An example of stringent hybridization conditions obtained in a filter-based method such as a Southern or Northern blot for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids that have more than 100 complementary residues is about 5° C. to 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T m ) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. Conditions used for hybridization may include about 0.02 M to about 0.15 M sodium chloride, about 0.5% to about 5% casein, about 0.02% SDS or about 0.1% N-laurylsarcosine, about 0.001 M to about 0.03 M sodium citrate, at hybridization temperatures between about 50° C. and about 70° C. More preferably, high stringency conditions are about 0.02 M sodium chloride, about 0.5% casein, about 0.02% SDS, about 0.001 M sodium citrate, at a temperature of about 50° C. Nucleic acid molecules that hybridize under stringent conditions will typically hybridize to a probe based on either the entire DNA molecule or selected portions, e.g., to a unique subsequence, of the DNA.
Stringent salt concentration will ordinarily be less than about 750 mM NaCl and 75 mM trisodium citrate. Increasingly stringent conditions may be obtained with less than about 500 mM NaCl and 50 mM trisodium citrate, to even greater stringency with less than about 250 mM NaCl and 25 mM trisodium citrate. Low stringency hybridization can be obtained in the absence of organic solvent, e.g., formamide, whereas high stringency hybridization may be obtained in the presence of at least about 35% formamide, and more preferably at least about 50% formamide. Stringent temperature conditions will ordinarily include temperatures of at least about 30° C., more preferably of at least about 37° C., and most preferably of at least about 42° C. with formamide present. Varying additional parameters, such as hybridization time, the concentration of detergent, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ionic strength, are well known to those skilled in the art. Various levels of stringency are accomplished by combining these various conditions as needed.
The washing steps that follow hybridization may also vary in stringency; the post-hybridization wash steps primarily determine hybridization specificity, with the most critical factors being temperature and the ionic strength of the final wash solution. Wash stringency can be increased by decreasing salt concentration or by increasing temperature. Stringent salt concentration for the wash steps will preferably be less than about 30 mM NaCl and 3 mM trisodium citrate, and most preferably less than about 15 mM NaCl and 1.5 mM trisodium citrate.
Thus, high stringency hybridization and wash conditions that may be used to bind and remove polynucleotides with less than the desired homology to the nucleic acid sequences or their complements that encode the present polypeptides include, for example:
6×SSC at 65° C.;
50% formamide, 4×SSC at 42° C.; or
0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.;
with, for example, two wash steps of 10-30 minutes each. Useful variations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
A person of skill in the art would not expect substantial variation among polynucleotide species provided with the present description because the highly stringent conditions set forth in the above formulae yield structurally similar polynucleotides.
If desired, one may employ wash steps of even greater stringency, including about 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. and washing twice, each wash step being about 30 minutes, or about 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. and washing twice for 30 minutes. The temperature for the wash solutions will ordinarily be at least about 25° C., and for greater stringency at least about 42° C. Hybridization stringency may be increased further by using the same conditions as in the hybridization steps, with the wash temperature raised about 3° C. to about 5° C., and stringency may be increased even further by using the same conditions except the wash temperature is raised about 6° C. to about 9° C. For identification of less closely related homologs, wash steps may be performed at a lower temperature, e.g., 50° C.
An example of a low stringency wash step employs a solution and conditions of at least 25° C. in 30 mM NaCl, 3 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS over 30 minutes. Greater stringency may be obtained at 42° C. in 15 mM NaCl, with 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS over 30 minutes. Even higher stringency wash conditions are obtained at 65° C.-68° C. in a solution of 15 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS. Wash procedures will generally employ at least two final wash steps. Additional variations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art (see, for example, US Patent Application No. 20010010913).
Stringency conditions can be selected such that an oligonucleotide that is perfectly complementary to the coding oligonucleotide hybridizes to the coding oligonucleotide with at least about a 5-10× higher signal to noise ratio than the ratio for hybridization of the perfectly complementary oligonucleotide to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide known as of the filing date of the application. It may be desirable to select conditions for a particular assay such that a higher signal to noise ratio, that is, about 15× or more, is obtained. Accordingly, a subject nucleic acid will hybridize to a unique coding oligonucleotide with at least a 2× or greater signal to noise ratio as compared to hybridization of the coding oligonucleotide to a nucleic acid encoding known polypeptide. The particular signal will depend on the label used in the relevant assay, e.g., a fluorescent label, a colorimetric label, a radioactive label, or the like. Labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting related polynucleotide sequences may be produced by oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide.
The present description also provides polynucleotide sequences that are capable of hybridizing to the claimed polynucleotide sequences, including any of the polynucleotides within the Sequence Listing, and fragments thereof under various conditions of stringency (see, for example, Wahl and Berger, 1987, supra, pages 399-407; and Kimmel, 1987 . Meth. Enzymol. 152, 507-511). In addition to the nucleotide sequences in the Sequence Listing, full length cDNA, orthologs, and paralogs of the present nucleotide sequences may be identified and isolated using well-known methods. The cDNA libraries, orthologs, and paralogs of the present nucleotide sequences may be screened using hybridization methods to determine their utility as hybridization target or amplification probes.
EXAMPLES
It is to be understood that this description is not limited to the particular devices, machines, materials and methods described. Although particular embodiments are described, equivalent embodiments may be used to practice the claims.
The specification, now being generally described, will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present description and are not intended to limit the claims or description. It will be recognized by one of skill in the art that a polypeptide that is associated with a particular first trait may also be associated with at least one other, unrelated and inherent second trait which was not predicted by the first trait.
Example I
Plant Genotypes and Vector and Cloning Information
A variety of constructs may be used to modulate the activity of regulatory polypeptides (RPs), and to test the activity of orthologs and paralogs in transgenic plant material. This platform provides the material for all subsequent analysis.
An individual plant “genotype” refers to a set of plant lines containing a particular construct or knockout (for example, this might be 35S lines for a given gene sequence (GID, Gene Identifier) being tested, 35S lines for a paralog or ortholog of that gene sequence, lines for an RNAi construct, lines for a GAL4 fusion construct, or lines in which expression of the gene sequence is driven from a particular promoter that enhances expression in particular cell, tissue or condition). For a given genotype arising from a particular transformed construct, multiple independent transgenic lines may be examined for morphological and physiological phenotypes. Each individual “line” (also sometimes known as an “event”) refers to the progeny plant or plants deriving from the stable integration of the transgene(s), carried within the T-DNA borders contained within a transformation construct, into a specific location or locations within the genome of the original transformed cell. It is well known in the art that different lines deriving from transformation with a given transgene may exhibit different levels of expression of that transgene due to so called “position effects” of the surrounding chromatin at the locus of integration in the genome, and therefore it is necessary to examine multiple lines containing each construct of interest.
(1) Overexpression/Tissue-Enhanced/Conditional Expression
Expression of a given regulatory protein from a particular promoter, for example a photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoter (e.g., a green tissue- or leaf-enhanced promoter), is achieved either by a direct-promoter fusion construct in which that regulatory protein is cloned directly behind the promoter of interest or by a two component system.
The Two-Component Expression System.
For the two-component system, two separate constructs are used: Promoter::LexA-GAL4TA and opLexA::RP. The first of these (Promoter::LexA-GAL4TA) comprises a desired promoter cloned in front of a LexA DNA binding domain fused to a GAL4 activation domain. The construct vector backbone (pMEN48, also known as P5375) also carries a kanamycin resistance marker, along with an opLexA::GFP (green fluorescent protein) reporter. Transgenic lines are obtained containing this first component, and a line is selected that shows reproducible expression of the reporter gene in the desired pattern through a number of generations. A homozygous population is established for that line, and the population is supertransformed with the second construct (opLexA::RP) carrying the regulatory protein of interest cloned behind a LexA operator site. This second construct vector backbone (pMEN53, also known as P5381) also contains a sulfonamide resistance marker.
Conditional Expression.
Various promoters can be used to overexpress disclosed polypeptides in plants to confer improved photosynthetic resource use efficiency. However, in some cases, there may be limitations in the use of various proteins that confer increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency when the proteins are overexpressed. Negative side effects associated with constitutive overexpression such as small size, delayed growth, increased disease sensitivity, and development and alteration in flowering time are not uncommon. A number of stress-inducible promoters can be used promote protein expression during the periods of stress, and therefore may be used to induce overexpression of polypeptides that can confer improved stress tolerance when they are needed without the adverse developmental or morphological effects that may be associated with their constitutive overexpression.
Promoters that drive protein expression in response to stress can be used to regulate the expression of the disclosed polypeptides to confer photosynthetic resource use efficiency to plants. The promoter may regulate expression of a disclosed polypeptide to an effective level in a photosynthetic tissue. Effective level in this regard refers to an expression level that confers greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency in the transgenic plant relative to the control plant that, for example, does not comprise a recombinant polynucleotide that encodes the disclosed polypeptide. Optionally, the promoter does not regulate protein expression in a constitutive manner.
Such promoters include, but are not limited to, the sequences located in the promoter regions of At5g52310 (RD29A), At5g52300, AT1G16850, At3g46230, AT1G52690, At2g37870, AT5G43840, At5g66780, At3g17520, and At4g09600.
In addition, promoters with expression specific to or enhanced in particular cells or tissue types may be used to express a given regulatory protein only in these cells or tissues. Examples of such promoter types include but are not limited to promoters expressed in green tissue, guard cell, epidermis, whole root, root hairs, vasculature, apical meristems, and developing leaves.
Table 4 lists a number of photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoters, specifically, mesophyll tissue-enhanced promoters from rice, that may be used to regulate expression of polynucleotides and polypeptides found in the Sequence Listing and structurally and functionally-related sequences. Promoters that may be used to drive expression of polynucleotides and polypeptides found in the Sequence Listing and structurally and functionally-related sequences included, but are not limited to, promoter sequences listed in Table 4.





TABLE 4



Rice Genes with Photosynthetic Tissue-Enhanced Promoters





Rice Gene Identifier of Photosynthetic

SEQ ID NO:
Tissue-Enhanced Promoter



136
Os02g09720

137
Os05g34510

138
Os11g08230

139
Os01g64390

140
Os06g15760

141
Os12g37560

142
Os03g17420

143
Os04g51000

144
Os01g01960

145
Os05g04990

146
Os02g44970

147
Os01g25530

148
Os03g30650

149
Os01g64910

150
Os07g26810

151
Os07g26820

152
Os09g11220

153
Os04g21800

154
Os10g23840

155
Os08g13850

156
Os12g42980

157
Os03g29280

158
Os03g20650

159
Os06g43920













































Tissue-enhanced promoters that may be used to drive expression of polynucleotides and polypeptides found in the Sequence Listing and structurally and functionally-related sequences have also been described in US patent application U520110179520A1, incorporated herein by reference. Such promoters include, but are not limited to, Arabidopsis sequences located in the promoter regions of AT1G08465, AT1G10155, AT1G14190, AT1G24130, AT1G24735, AT1G29270, AT1G30950, AT1G31310, AT1G37140, AT1G49320, AT1G49475, AT1G52100, AT1G60540, AT1G60630, AT1G64625, AT1G65150, AT1G68480, AT1G68780, AT1G69180, AT1G77145, AT1G80580, AT2G03500, AT2G17950, AT2G19910, AT2G27250, AT2G33880, AT2G39850, AT3G02500, AT3G12750, AT3G15170, AT3G16340, AT3G27920, AT3G30340, AT3G42670, AT3G44970, AT3G49950, AT3G50870, AT3G54990, AT3G59270, AT4G00180, AT4G00480, AT4G12450, AT4G14819, AT4G31610, AT4G31615, AT4G31620, AT4G31805, AT4G31877, AT4G36060, AT4G36470, AT4G36850, AT4G37970, AT5G03840, AT5G12330, AT5G14070, AT5G16410, AT5G20740, AT5G27690, AT5G35770, AT5G39330, AT5G42655, AT5G53210, AT5G56530, AT5G58780, AT5G61070, and AT5G6491.
In addition to the sequences provided in the Sequence Listing or in this Example, a promoter region may include a fragment of the promoter sequences provided in the Sequence Listing or in this Example, or a complement thereof, wherein the promoter sequence, or the fragment thereof, or the complement thereof, regulates expression of a polypeptide in a plant cell, for example, in response to a biotic or abiotic stress, or in a manner that is enhanced or preferred in certain plant tissues.
(2) Knock-Out/Knock-Down
In some cases, lines mutated in a given regulatory protein may be analyzed. Where available, T-DNA insertion lines in a given gene are isolated and characterized. In cases where a T-DNA insertion line is unavailable, an RNA interference (RNAi) strategy is sometimes used.
Example II
Transformation Methods
Transformation of Monocots.
Cereal plants including corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, or other monocots may be transformed with the present polynucleotide sequences, including monocot or eudicot-derived sequences such as those presented in the present Tables, cloned into a vector such as pGA643 and containing a kanamycin-resistance marker, and expressed constitutively under, for example, the CaMV35S or COR15 promoters, or with tissue-enhanced or inducible promoters. The expression vectors may be one found in the Sequence Listing, or any other suitable expression vector may be similarly used. For example, pMEN020 may be modified to replace the NptII coding region with the BAR gene of Streptomyces hygroscopicus that confers resistance to phosphinothricin. The KpnI and BgIII sites of the Bar gene are removed by site-directed mutagenesis with silent codon changes.
The cloning vector may be introduced into a variety of cereal plants by means well known in the art including direct DNA transfer or Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation. The latter approach may be accomplished by a variety of means, including, for example, that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616, in which monocotyledon callus is transformed by contacting dedifferentiating tissue with the Agrobacterium containing the cloning vector.
The sample tissues are immersed in a suspension of 3×10 −9 cells of Agrobacterium containing the cloning vector for 3-10 minutes. The callus material is cultured on solid medium at 25° C. in the dark for several days. The calli grown on this medium are transferred to a Regeneration Medium. Transfers are continued every two to three weeks (two or three times) until shoots develop. Shoots are then transferred to Shoot-Elongation Medium every 2-3 weeks. Healthy looking shoots are transferred to Rooting Medium and after roots have developed, the plants are placed into moist potting soil.
The transformed plants are then analyzed for the presence of the NPTII gene/kanamycin resistance by ELISA, using the ELISA NPTII kit from SPrime-3Prime Inc. (Boulder, Colo.).
It is also routine to use other methods to produce transgenic plants of most cereal crops (Vasil, 1994 . Plant Mol. Biol. 25: 925-937) such as corn, wheat, rice, sorghum (Cassas et al., 1993 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 11212-11216), and barley (Wan and Lemeaux, 1994 . Plant Physiol. 104: 37-48). DNA transfer methods such as the microprojectile method can be used for corn (Fromm et al., 1990 . Bio/Technol. 8: 833-839; Gordon-Kamm et al., 1990 . Plant Cell 2: 603-618; Ishida, 1990 . Nature Biotechnol. 14:745-750), wheat (Vasil et al., 1992 . Bio/Technol. 10:667-674; Vasil et al., 1993 . Bio/Technol. 11:1553-1558; Weeks et al., 1993 . Plant Physiol. 102:1077-1084), and rice (Christou, 1991 . Bio/Technol. 9:957-962; Hiei et al., 1994 . Plant J. 6:271-282; Aldemita and Hodges, 1996 . Planta 199: 612-617; and Hiei et al., 1997 . Plant Mol. Biol. 35:205-218). For most cereal plants, embryogenic cells derived from immature scutellum tissues are the preferred cellular targets for transformation (Hiei et al., 1997. supra; Vasil, 1994. supra). For transforming corn embryogenic cells derived from immature scutellar tissue using microprojectile bombardment, the A188XB73 genotype is the preferred genotype (Fromm et al., 1990 . Bio/Technol. 8: 833-839; Gordon-Kamm et al., 1990. supra). After microprojectile bombardment the tissues are selected on phosphinothricin to identify the transgenic embryogenic cells (Gordon-Kamm et al., 1990. supra). Transgenic plants from transformed host plant cells may be regenerated by standard corn regeneration techniques (Fromm et al., 1990 . Bio/Technol. 8: 833-839; Gordon-Kamm et al., 1990. supra).
Transformation of Dicots.
Crop species that overexpress polypeptides of the instant description may produce plants with increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency and/or yield. Thus, polynucleotide sequences listed in the Sequence Listing recombined into, for example, one of the expression vectors of the instant description, or another suitable expression vector, may be transformed into a plant for the purpose of modifying plant traits for the purpose of improving yield, quality, and/or photosynthetic resource use efficiency. The expression vector may contain a constitutive, tissue-enhanced or inducible promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide. The cloning vector may be introduced into a variety of plants by means well known in the art such as, for example, direct DNA transfer or Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation. It is now routine to produce transgenic plants using most eudicot plants (see Weissbach and Weissbach, 1989 . Methods for Plant Molecular Biology , Academic Press; Gelvin et al., 1990 . Plant Molecular Biology Manual , Kluwer Academic Publishers; Herrera-Estrella et al., 1983 . Nature 303: 209; Bevan, 1984 . Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 8711-8721; and Klee, 1985 . Bio/Technology 3: 637-642). Methods for analysis of traits are routine in the art and examples are disclosed above.
Numerous protocols for the transformation of tomato and soy plants have been previously described, and are well known in the art. Gruber et al., in Glick and Thompson, 1993 . Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology . eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, describe several expression vectors and culture methods that may be used for cell or tissue transformation and subsequent regeneration. For soybean transformation, methods are described by Miki et al., 1993. in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , p. 67-88, Glick and Thompson, eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055, (Townsend and Thomas), issued Oct. 8, 1996.
There are a substantial number of alternatives to Agrobacterium -mediated transformation protocols, other methods for the purpose of transferring exogenous genes into soybeans or tomatoes. One such method is microprojectile-mediated transformation, in which DNA on the surface of microprojectile particles is driven into plant tissues with a biolistic device (see, for example, Sanford et al., 1987 . Part. Sci. Technol. 5:27-37; Sanford, 1993 . Methods Enzymol. 217: 483-509; Christou et al., 1992 . Plant. J. 2: 275-281; Klein et al., 1987 . Nature 327: 70-73; U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (Christou et al), issued May 14, 1991; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783 (Tomes et al.), issued Jun. 21, 1994).
Alternatively, sonication methods (see, for example, Zhang et al., 1991 . Bio/Technology 9: 996-997); direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl 2 precipitation, polyvinyl alcohol or poly-L-ornithine (see, for example, Hain et al., 1985 . Mol. Gen. Genet. 199: 161-168; Draper et al., 1982 . Plant Cell Physiol. 23: 451-458); liposome or spheroplast fusion (see, for example, Deshayes et al., 1985 . EMBO J., 4: 2731-2737; Christou et al., 1987 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 3962-3966); and electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues (see, for example, Donn et al. (1990. in Abstracts of VIIth International Congress on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture IAPTC , A2-38: 53; D'Halluin et al., 1992 . Plant Cell 4: 1495-1505; and Spencer et al., 1994 . Plant Mol. Biol. 24: 51-61) have been used to introduce foreign DNA and expression vectors into plants.
After a plant or plant cell is transformed (and the transformed host plant cell then regenerated into a plant), the transformed plant may propagated vegetatively or it may be crossed with itself or a plant from the same line, a non-transformed or wild-type plant, or another transformed plant from a different transgenic line of plants. Crossing provides the advantages of producing new and often stable transgenic varieties. Genes and the traits they confer that have been introduced into a tomato or soybean line may be moved into distinct line of plants using traditional backcrossing techniques well known in the art. Transformation of tomato plants may be conducted using the protocols of Koornneef et al, 1986. In Tomato Biotechnology : Alan R. Liss, Inc., 169-178, and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,962, the latter method described in brief here. Eight day old cotyledon explants are precultured for 24 hours in Petri dishes containing a feeder layer of Petunia hybrida suspension cells plated on MS medium with 2% (w/v) sucrose and 0.8% agar supplemented with 10 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid and 4.4 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. The explants are then infected with a diluted overnight culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing an expression vector comprising a polynucleotide of the instant description for 5-10 minutes, blotted dry on sterile filter paper and cocultured for 48 hours on the original feeder layer plates. Culture conditions are as described above. Overnight cultures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens are diluted in liquid MS medium with 2% (w/v/) sucrose, pH 5.7) to an OD 600 of 0.8.
Following cocultivation, the cotyledon explants are transferred to Petri dishes with selective medium comprising MS medium with 4.56 μM zeatin, 67.3 μM vancomycin, 418.9 μM cefotaxime and 171.6 μM kanamycin sulfate, and cultured under the culture conditions described above. The explants are subcultured every three weeks onto fresh medium. Emerging shoots are dissected from the underlying callus and transferred to glass jars with selective medium without zeatin to form roots. The formation of roots in a kanamycin sulfate-containing medium is a positive indication of a successful transformation.
Transformation of soybean plants may be conducted using the methods found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055 (Townsend et al., issued Oct. 8, 1996), described in brief here. In this method soybean seed is surface sterilized by exposure to chlorine gas evolved in a glass bell jar. Seeds are germinated by plating on 1/10 strength agar solidified medium without plant growth regulators and culturing at 28° C. with a 16 hour day length. After three or four days, seed may be prepared for cocultivation. The seedcoat is removed and the elongating radicle removed 3-4 mm below the cotyledons.
Eucalyptus is now considered an important crop that is grown for example to provide feedstocks for the pulp and paper and biofuel markets. This species is also amenable to transformation as described in PCT patent publication WO/2005/032241.
Crambe has been recognized as a high potential oilseed crop that may be grown for the production of high value oils. An efficient method for transformation of this species has been described in PCT patent publication WO 2009/067398 A1.
Overnight cultures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the expression vector comprising a polynucleotide of the instant description are grown to log phase, pooled, and concentrated by centrifugation. Inoculations are conducted in batches such that each plate of seed was treated with a newly resuspended pellet of Agrobacterium . The pellets are resuspended in 20 ml inoculation medium. The inoculum is poured into a Petri dish containing prepared seed and the cotyledonary nodes are macerated with a surgical blade. After 30 minutes the explants are transferred to plates of the same medium that has been solidified. Explants are embedded with the adaxial side up and level with the surface of the medium and cultured at 22° C. for three days under white fluorescent light. These plants may then be regenerated according to methods well established in the art, such as by moving the explants after three days to a liquid counter-selection medium (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055).
The explants may then be picked, embedded and cultured in solidified selection medium. After one month on selective media transformed tissue becomes visible as green sectors of regenerating tissue against a background of bleached, less healthy tissue. Explants with green sectors are transferred to an elongation medium. Culture is continued on this medium with transfers to fresh plates every two weeks. When shoots are 0.5 cm in length they may be excised at the base and placed in a rooting medium.
Experimental Methods; Transformation of Arabidopsis
Transformation of Arabidopsis is performed by an Agrobacterium -mediated protocol based on the method of Bechtold and Pelletier, 1998. Unless otherwise specified, all experimental work is performed using the Columbia ecotype.
Plant Preparation.
Arabidopsis seeds are gas sterilized and sown on plates with media containing 80% MS with vitamins, 0.3% sucrose and 1% Bacto agar. The plates are placed at 4° in the dark for the days then transferred to 24 hour light at 22° for 7 days. After 7 days the seedlings are transplanted to soil, placing individual seedlings in each pot. The primary bolts are cut off a week before transformation to break apical dominance and encourage auxiliary shoots to form. Transformation is typically performed at 4-5 weeks after sowing.
Bacterial Culture Preparation.
Agrobacterium stocks are inoculated from single colony plates or from glycerol stocks and grown with the appropriate antibiotics until saturation. On the morning of transformation, the saturated cultures are centrifuged and bacterial pellets are re-suspended in Infiltration Media (0.5×MS, 1× Gamborg's Vitamins, 5% sucrose, 200 μl/L Silwet L77) until an A 600 reading of 0.8 is reached.
Transformation and Harvest of Transgenic Seeds.
The Agrobacterium solution is poured into dipping containers. All flower buds and rosette leaves of the plants are immersed in this solution for 30 seconds. The plants are laid on their side and wrapped to keep the humidity high. The plants are kept this way overnight at 22° C. and then the pots are turned upright, unwrapped, and moved to the growth racks. In most cases, the transformation process is repeated one week later to increase transformation efficiency.
The plants are maintained on the growth rack under 24-hour light until seeds are ready to be harvested. Seeds are harvested when 80% of the siliques of the transformed plants are ripe (approximately five weeks after the initial transformation). This seed is deemed T 0 seed, since it is obtained from the T 0 generation, and is later plated on selection plates (either kanamycin or sulfonamide). Resistant plants that are identified on such selection plates comprise the T1 generation, from which transgenic seed comprising an expression vector of interest may be derived.
Example III
Primary Screening Materials and Methods
Plant Growth Conditions
Seeds from Arabidopsis lines are chlorine gas sterilized using a standard protocol and spread onto plates containing a sucrose based media augmented with vitamins (80% MS+Vit, 1% sucrose, 0.65% PhytoBlend Agar (Caisson Laboratories, Inc., North Logan, Utah) and appropriate kanamycin or sulfonamide concentrations where selection is required. Seeds are stratified in the dark on plates, at 4° C. for 3 days then moved to a walk-in growth chamber (Conviron MTW120, Conviron Controlled Environments Ltd, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) running at a 10 hour photoperiod at a photosynthetic photon flux of approximately 200 μmol m −2 s −1 at plant height and a photoperiod/night temperature regime of 22° C./19° C. After seven days of light exposure seedlings are transplanted into 164 ml volume pots containing autoclaved ProMix® soil. All pots are returned to the same growth-chamber where they are stood in water and covered with a lid for the first seven days. This protocol keeps the soil moist during this period. Seven days after transplanting lids are removed and a watering and nutrition regime begun. All plants receive water three times a week, and a weekly a fertilizer treatment (80% Peter's NPK fertilizer).
Primary Screening
Between 35 and 38 days after being transferred to light on plates, and after between 28 and 31 days growth in soil, a suite of leaf-physiological parameters are measured using an infrared gas analyzer (LI-6400XT, LI-COR® Biosciences, Lincoln, NB, USA) integrated with ‘a fluorimeter that measures fluorescence from Chlorophyll A (LI-6400-40, LI-COR Biosciences). The growth conditions used, and plant age and leaf selection criteria for measurement are designed to maximize the chance that the leaves sampled fill the 2 cm 2 leaf chamber of the gas-exchange system and that plants show no visible signs of having transitioned to reproductive growth.
Screening High-Light Leaf Physiology at Two Air Temperatures
Leaf physiology is screened after plants have been acclimated to high light (700 μmol photons m −2 s −1 ) under LED light banks emitting visible light (400-700 nm, Photon Systems Instruments, Brno, Czech Republic), for 40 minutes. Other than the change in light level, the atmospheric environment is the same as that in which the plants have been grown, and the LI-6400 leaf chamber is set to reflect this, being set to deliver a photosynthetic photon flux of 700 μmol photons m −2 s −1 and operate at an air temperature of 22° C. Forty minutes acclimation to a photosynthetic photon flux of 700 μmol photons m −2 s −1 has repeatedly been shown to be sufficient to achieve a steady-state rate of light-saturated photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in control plants. Gas exchange and fluorescence data are logged simultaneously two minutes after the leaf has been closed in the chamber. Two minutes is found to be long enough for the leaf chamber CO 2 and H 2 O concentrations to stabilize after closing a new leaf inside, and thereby minimizing leaf physiological adjustment to small differences between the growth environment and the LI-6400 chamber. Screening at the growth air temperature of 22° C. is begun one hour into the photoperiod and is typically completed in two hours. After being screened at 22° C., plants are returned to growth-light levels prior to being screened again at 35° C. later in the photoperiod. The higher-temperature screening begins six hours into the photoperiod and measurements are made after the rosettes have been acclimated to the same high light dose as described above, but this time in a controlled environment with an air temperature set to 35° C. Measurements are again made in a leaf chamber set to match the warmer air temperature and logged using the protocol described above for the 22° C. measurements. Data generated at both 22° C. and 35° C. are used to calculate: rates of CO 2 assimilation by photosynthesis (A, μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ); rates of H 2 O loss through transpiration (Tr, mmol H 2 O m −2 s −1 ); the conductance to CO 2 and H 2 O movement between the leaf and air through the stomatal pore (g s , mol. m −2 s −1 ); the sub-stomatal CO 2 concentration (C i , μmol CO 2 mol −1 ); transpiration efficiency, the instantaneous ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration, (TE=A/Tr (μmol CO 2 mmol H 2 O m −2 s −1 )); the rate of electron flow through photosystem two (ETR μmol e-m −2 s −1 ). Derivation of the parameters described above followed established published protocols (Long & Bernacchi, 2003 . J. Exp. Botany; 54:2393-24)
Leaves from up to 10 replicate plants are screened for a given line of interest. Data generated from these lines are compared with that from an empty vector control line planted at the same time, and grown within the same flats, as the lines being screened.
For control lines, data are collected not only at an atmospheric CO 2 concentration of 400 μmol CO 2 mol −1 , but also after stepwise changes in CO 2 concentration to 350, 300, 450 and 500 μmol CO 2 mol −1 . These measurements underlay screening for more complex physiological traits of: 1) photosynthetic capacity; 2) regulation of photosystem two (PSII) operation; and 3) non-photosynthetic metabolism.
Screening Photosynthetic Capacity
Under most conditions, the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis in a C3 leaf is a product of the biochemical capacity of the Calvin cycle and the transfer conductance of CO 2 concentration to the sites of carboxylation (Farquhar et al., 1980 . Planta: 149, 78-90). Plotting the rate of photosynthesis against an estimate of the sub-stomatal CO 2 concentration (C i ) provides a means to identify changes in photosynthetic capacity of the Calvin cycle independent of changes in stomatal conductance, a key component of the total transfer conductance to CO 2 of the leaf. Consequently, for lines being screened, rates of photosynthesis are plotted against a regression plot of A vs. C i generated for the control lines over a range of atmospheric CO 2 concentration, as described above. This technique enables visual confirmation of changes in photosynthetic capacity in lines of interest.
Screening Regulation of Photosystem Two (PSII) Operation
During acclimation to high light, the efficiency with which photosystem PSII operates will reach a steady state regulated largely by the feedback between non-photochemical quenching in the antenna and the metabolic demand for energy produced in the chloroplast (Genty et al., 1989 . Biochim. Biophys. Acta 990:87-92; Baker et al., 2007 . Plant Cell Environ. 30:1107-1125). This understanding is used in this screen to identify lines in which the limitation that non-photochemical quenching exerts on the efficiency with which photosystem II operates, is decreased. Lower levels of non-photochemical quenching will result in a higher efficiency of photosynthesis over a range of light levels, but importantly higher rates of photosynthesis at low light where light-use efficiency is important. Increasing rates of photosynthesis as leaves in crop canopies transition from high to low light is a process thought relevant to increasing crop-canopy photosynthesis (Zhu et al., 2010 . Plant Biol. 61:235-261). In keeping with the A/Ci analysis described above, a regression of the operating efficiency of PSII against non-photochemical quenching is generated for the control line from data collected over a range of atmospheric CO 2 concentration to provide a reference against which data for lines of interest can be visually compared.
Screening for Non-Photosynthetic Metabolism
Measurement of the ratio of the rate of electron flow through PSII (ETR) to the rate of photosynthesis (A) is used to screen for changes in non-photosynthetic metabolism. This screen is based upon the understanding that the transport of four μmol of electrons from PSII to photosystem one PSI will supply the NADPH and ATP required to fix one μmol of CO 2 in the Calvin cycle. For a C3 leaf operating in an atmosphere with 21% oxygen, the ratio of electron flow to photosynthesis should be higher than four, reflecting photorespiratory and other metabolism. However, because the rate of photorespiration in a C3 leaf is dependent upon the concentration of CO 2 at the active site of Rubisco, a regression of the ratio of electron flow to photosynthesis, generated over the range of CO 2 concentrations described above, provides the reference regression against which lines being screened can be compared to controls. Changes in the ratio of ETR to A, when observed at the same C, as the control line, could indicate changes in the specificity of the Rubisco active site for O 2 relative to CO 2 and or other metabolic sinks which would be expected to have important implications for crop productivity and/or stress tolerance.
Surrogate Screening for Growth-Light Physiology
Rosette biomass: the dry weight of whole Arabidopsis rosettes is measured after being dried down at 80° C. for 24 hours, a time found to be sufficient to reach constant weight. Samples are taken after 35-38 days growth, and used as an assay of above-ground productivity at growth light. Typically, five replicate rosettes are sampled per Arabidopsis line being screened.
Rosette chemical and isotopic C and N analysis: after weighing, the five rosettes sampled for each line screened are pooled together and ground to a fine powder. The pooled sample generated is sub-sampled and approximately 4 μg samples are prepared for analysis.
Chlorophyll content index (CCI): measurements of light transmission through the leaf are made for plants being screened using a chlorophyll content meter (CCM-200, Apogee Instruments, Logan, Utah, USA). The first is made within the first hour of the photoperiod prior to any acclimation to high light on leaves of plants samples for rosette analysis. The second is made later in the photoperiod on leaves of plants that had undergone the high-temperature screening.
Light absorption: measurements of CCI are used as a surrogate for leaf light absorption, based upon a known relationship between the two. The estimates of light absorption by the leaf, required to construct this relationship, were made by placing the leaf on top of a quantum sensor (LI-190, LI-COR Biosciences) with both the leaf and quantum sensor then pressed firmly up to the foam gasket underneath the LI-6400 light source. This procedure provides an estimate of the transmission of a known light flux through the leaf and is used to estimate the fraction of light absorbed by the leaf.
Example IV
Experimental Results
This Example provides experimental observations for transgenic plants overexpressing AtMYB19 related polypeptides in plate-based assays and results observed for improved photosynthetic resource use efficiency.
Photosynthetic rate was increased in six of nine independent lines screened at growth temperature (22° C.) and seven of nine lines for measurements made after acclimation to high temperature. For measurements made at air temperatures of 22° C. and 35° C.; photosynthesis was increased by 16% at 22° C. and 17% at 35° C., when averaged across the lines that displayed increased photosynthesis. This provided evidence that the increase in photosynthesis is conferred over a wide range of air temperatures observed in Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtMYB19. Leaf and crop-canopy photosynthesis is known to be related to final crop yield and improving photosynthesis is widely considered to be a relevant pathway to increasing crop yield. In a C3 plant, photosynthesis at high-light can be limited by the biochemical capacity for photosynthesis, indicated as photosynthetic capacity in Tables 5 and 6, or the supply of CO 2 into the chloroplast, of which stomatal conductance, which regulates the transfer of CO 2 into the leaf through stoma, is a principle component. Both the capacity for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were increased in Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtMYB19 assayed at both temperatures. Photosynthetic capacity was increased in five lines at 22° C. and in three at 35° C. Focused secondary assays on select lines, enabled the biochemical limitations to photosynthesis that underlay photosynthetic capacity, to be investigated. For measurements made at 22° C., the biochemical basis for the increase in photosynthetic capacity was an increase in the plant's capacity to regenerate RuBP, a key substrate for photosynthesis, for four lines (figure *). Two of these four lines also displayed evidence of an increase in the activity of Rubisco (figure *). For measurements made at 35° C., three lines displayed an increase in the capacity to regenerate RuBP. Stomatal conductance was increased by 32% at 22° C. and 37% at 35° C., when averaged across the AtMYB19 overexpression lines that displayed increased photosynthesis. The extent to which photosynthesis is increased as a consequence of improvements in photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance has important implications. For example, increasing stomatal conductance will increase the supply of CO 2 into the leaf, however this will increase photosynthesis to a greater extent in a C3 plant than a C4 plant, where chloroplast CO 2 concentrations are typically maintained at close to saturating levels for photosynthesis. Increasing stomatal conductance will increase transpiration from the leaf, typically to a greater extent than photosynthesis is stimulated. This combination of traits may be more appropriate for crops growing on acreages where soil-water availability is seldom limiting yield. Conversely, an increase in photosynthetic capacity could increase photosynthetic rate without increasing stomatal conductance and water loss, and would be expected to increase crop yield over broad acres. For transgenic plants overexpressing AtMYB19 related polypeptides, the increase in photosynthetic rate was the result of increases in both photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance. Consequently transpiration efficiency, often used synonymously with WUE and expressed as unit carbon uptake via photosynthesis per unit water lost via transpiration, was typically not decreased across lines and temperatures.
All experimental observations of greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency were made by comparison to control plants (e.g., plants that did not comprise a recombinant construct encoding a AtMYB19-related polypeptide or overexpress a AtMYB19 clade or phylogenetically-related regulatory protein).
Tables 5 and 6 present the indicators of photosynthetic resource use efficiency observed in Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtMYB19 in experiments conducted to date. The data presented in Table 5 were collected on plants at their normal growth temperature of 22° C. For lines with increased photosynthetic capacity, RuBP indicates that the capacity to increase RuBP was increased and Rubisco indicates that Rubisco activity was increased.





TABLE 5



Photosynthetic resource use efficiency measurements in plants with altered

expression of MYB19 clade polypeptides at a growth temperature of 22° C.









Polypeptide
SEQ


Photosynthetic
Stomatal


sequence/
ID


Rate
Conductance
Photosynthetic

Line
NO
Driver
Target
22° C.
22° C.
Capacity



MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
No effect

Line 1

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(20%)
(32%)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
Increased

Line 2

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(15%)
(28%)
(Rubisco







and







RuBP)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
Increased

Line 3

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(10%)
(35%)
(Rubisco







and







RuBP)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
No effect
No effect
No effect

Line 4

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
Increased

Line 5

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(26%)
(27%)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
Increased

Line 6

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(13%)
(30%)
RuBP

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
Increased

Line 7

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(10%)
(41%)
RuBP

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
No effect
No effect
No effect

Line 8

GAL4_opLexA::GFP











































The data presented in Table 6 were collected on plants acclimated to an air temperature of 35° C. For lines with increased photosynthetic capacity, RuBP indicates that the capacity to increase RuBP was increased and Rubisco indicates that Rubisco activity was increased.





TABLE 6



Photosynthetic resource use efficiency measurements in plants with altered expression of

MYB19 clade polypeptides at a growth temperature of 35° C.









Polypeptide
Seq


Photosynthetic
Stomatal


sequence/
ID


Rate
Conductance
Photosynthetic

Line
No
Driver
Target
22° C.
22° C.
Capacity



MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
No effect

Line 1

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(22%)
(49%)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
Increased

Line 2

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(14%)
(43%)
(RuBP)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
Increased

Line 3

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(15%)
(23%)
(RuBP)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
No effect

Line 4

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(26%)
(39%)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
No effect

Line 5

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(22%)
(37%)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
No effect

Line 6

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(19%)
(61%)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
Increased
Increased
Increased

Line 7

GAL4_opLexA::GFP

(13%)
(28%)
(RuBP)

MYB19/
2
35S::m35S::oEnh:LexA:
opLexA::G1309
No effect
Increased
No effect

Line 8

GAL4_opLexA::GFP


(17%)







































The results presented in Tables 5 and 6 were determined after screening nine independent transgenic events. Multiple lines were screened in replicate independent experiments.
The present disclosure thus describes how the transformation of plants, which may include monocots and/or dicots, with a MYB19 clade polypeptide can confer to the transformed plants greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency than the level of photosynthetic resource use efficiency exhibited by control plants. In one embodiment, expression of MYB19 is driven by a constitutive promoter. In another embodiment, expression of MYB19 is driven by a promoter with enhanced activity in a tissue capable of photosynthesis (also referred to herein as a “photosynthetic promoter” or a “photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoter”) such as a leaf tissue or other green tissue. Examples of photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoters include for example, an RBCS3 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 133), an RBCS4 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 134) or others such as the At4g01060 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 135), the latter regulating expression in guard cells. Other photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoters have been taught by Bassett et al., 2007 . BMC Biotechnol. 7: 47, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other photosynthetic tissue-enhanced promoters of interest include those from the maize aldolase gene FDA (U.S. Patent Publication No. U520040216189, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and the aldolase and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) (Taniguchi et al., 2000 . Plant Cell Physiol. 41:42-48, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other tissue enhanced promoters or inducible promoters are also envisioned that may be used to regulate expression of MYB19 clade member polypeptides and improve photosynthetic resource use efficiency in a variety of plants.
Example V
Utilities of MYB19 Clade Sequences for Improving Photosynthetic Resource Use Efficiency, Yield or Biomass
The improved photosynthetic resource use efficiency conferred by increasing the expression level of a MYB19 clade polypeptide sequence may contribute to increased yield of commercially available plants. For plants for which biomass is the product of interest, increasing the expression level of MYB19 clade of polypeptide sequences may increase yield, photosynthetic resource use efficiency, vigor, growth rate, and/or biomass of the plants. Thus, it is thus expected that these sequences will improve yield and/or photosynthetic resource use efficiency in non- Arabidopsis plants relative to control plants. This yield improvement may result in yield increases in crop or non- Arabidopsis plants including, but not limited to, wheat, Setaria , corn (maize), rice, barley; rye; millet; sorghum; sugarcane, miscane, turfgrass, Miscanthus , switchgrass; soybean, cotton, rape, oilseed rape including canola, Eucalyptus or poplar, such as at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30% or greater yield relative to the yield that may be obtained with control plants.
It is expected that the same methods may be applied to identify other useful and valuable sequences that are functionally-related and/or closely-related to the listed sequences or domains provided in Tables 2 or 3, and the sequences may be derived from a diverse range of species. Because of morphological, physiological and photosynthetic resource use efficiency similarities that may occur among MYB19-related sequences, the MYB19 clade sequences are expected to increase yield, plant growth, vigor, size, biomass, and/or increase photosynthetic resource use efficiency to a variety of crop plants, ornamental plants, and woody plants used in the food, ornamental, paper, pulp, lumber or other industries.
Example VI
Expression and Analysis of Increased Yield or Photosynthetic Resource Use Efficiency in Non-Arabidopsis or Crop Species
Northern blot analysis, RT-PCR or microarray analysis of the regenerated, transformed plants may be used to show expression of a polypeptide or the instant description and related genes that are capable of inducing improved photosynthetic resource use efficiency, and/or larger size.
After a eudicot plant, monocot plant or plant cell has been transformed (and the latter plant host cell regenerated into a plant) and shown to have greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency, and/or greater size, vigor, biomass, and/or produce greater yield relative to a control plant, the transformed monocot plant may be crossed with itself or a plant from the same line, a non-transformed or wild-type monocot plant, or another transformed monocot plant from a different transgenic line of plants.
The function of one or more specific polypeptides of the instant description has been analyzed and may be further characterized and incorporated into crop plants. The ectopic overexpression of one or more of MYB19 clade polypeptide sequences may be regulated using constitutive, inducible, or tissue-enhanced regulatory elements. Genes that have been examined have been shown to modify plant traits including increasing yield and/or photosynthetic resource use efficiency. It is expected that newly discovered polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences closely related, as determined by the disclosed hybridization or identity analyses, to polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences found in the Sequence Listing can also confer alteration of traits in a similar manner to the sequences found in the Sequence Listing, when transformed into any of a considerable variety of plants of different species, and including dicots and monocots. The polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences derived from monocots (e.g., the rice sequences) may be used to transform both monocot and dicot plants, and those derived from dicots (e.g., the Arabidopsis and soy genes) may be used to transform either group, although it is expected that some of these sequences will function best if the gene is transformed into a plant from the same group as that from which the sequence is derived.
As an example of a first step to determine photosynthetic resource use efficiency, seeds of these transgenic plants may be grown as described above or methods known in the art. Disclosed sequences may be identified that, when ectopically expressed, or overexpressed, in plants, the expression of said sequences result in one or more characteristics that lead to greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency.
These characteristics include:
(a) increased photosynthetic capacity, measured as an increase in the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis of at least 10% when compared to the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis of a control leaf at the same leaf-internal CO2 concentration. Optionally, measurements are made after 40 minutes of acclimation to a light intensity that is saturating for photosynthesis;
(b) Increased photosynthetic rate, measured as an increase in the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis of at least 10%. Optionally, measurements are made after 40 minutes of acclimation to a light intensity known to be saturating for photosynthesis
(c) a decrease in the chlorophyll content of the leaf of at least 10%, observed in the absence of a decrease in photosynthetic capacity;
(d) a decrease in the percentage of the leaf dry weight that is nitrogen of at least 0.5%, observed in the absence of a decrease in photosynthetic capacity or increase in dry weight;
(e) increased transpiration efficiency, measured as an increase in the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis relative to water loss via transpiration from the leaf, of at least 10%; optionally, measurements are made after 40 minutes of acclimation to a light intensity of 700 μmol PAR m −2 s −1 ;
(f) an increase in the resistance to water vapor diffusion out of the leaf that is exerted by the stomata, measured as a decrease in stomatal conductance to H 2 O loss from the leaf of at least 10%; optionally, measurements were are after 40 minutes of acclimation to a light intensity of 700 μmol PAR m−2 s−1;
(g) a decrease in the relative limitation that non-photochemical quenching exerts on the operation of PSII. The term non-photochemical quenching covers a suite of processes that dissipate light energy absorbed by light harvesting antennae as heat. and is measurable as a decrease in non-photochemical quenching of at least 2%, for leaf measurements made after 40 minutes of acclimation to a light intensity of 700 μmol PAR m −2 s −1 ;
(h) a decrease in the ratio of the carbon isotope 12 C to 13 C found in either, all the dried above-ground biomass, or specific components of the above-ground biomass, leaves, reproductive structures, of at least 0.5%0 (0.5 per mille), measured as a decrease in the ratio of 12 C to 13 C relative to the controls with both ratio being expressed relative to the same standard; and/or
(i) an increase in the total dry weight of above-ground plant material of at least 5%.
Closely-related homologs of MYB19 derived from various diverse plant species may be overexpressed in plants and have the same functions of conferring increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency. It is thus expected that structurally similar orthologs of the MYB19 polypeptide clade, including SEQ ID NOs: 2n, where n=1-17, can confer increased yield, and/or increased vigor, biomass, or size, relative to control plants. As at least one sequence of the instant description has increased photosynthetic resource use efficiency in Arabidopsis , it is expected that the sequences provided in the Sequence Listing, or polypeptide sequences comprising one of or any of the conserved first Myb DNA binding domains provided in Table 2, or the conserved second Myb DNA binding domains provided in Table 3, will increase the photosynthetic resource use efficiency and/or yield of transgenic plants including transgenic non- Arabidopsis (plant species other than Arabidopsis species) crop or other commercially important plant species, including, but not limited to, non- Arabidopsis plants and plant species such as monocots and dicots; wheat, Setaria , corn (maize), teosinte ( Zea species which is related to maize), rice, barley; rye; millet; sorghum; sugarcane, miscane, turfgrass, Miscanthus , switchgrass; soybean, cotton, rape, oilseed rape including canola, tobacco, tomato, tomatillo, potato, sunflower, alfalfa, clover, banana, blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, cantaloupe, carrot, cauliflower, coffee, cucumber, eggplant, grapes, honeydew, lettuce, mango, melon, onion, papaya, peas, peppers, pineapple, pumpkin, spinach, squash, sweet corn, watermelon, rosaceous fruits including apple, peach, pear, cherry and plum; and brassicas including broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and kohlrabi; currant; avocado; citrus fruits including oranges, lemons, grapefruit and tangerines, artichoke, cherries; endive; leek; roots such as arrowroot, beet, cassaya, turnip, radish, yam, and sweet potato; beans; woody species including pine, poplar, Eucalyptus , mint or other labiates; nuts such as walnut and peanut. Within each of these species the Closely-related homologs of MYB19 may be overexpressed or ectopically expressed in different varieties, cultivars, or germplasm.
All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The present invention is not limited by the specific embodiments described herein. The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. Modifications that become apparent from the foregoing description and accompanying figures fall within the scope of the claims.